工程地质2.ppt

1、1 The basic information about the earth（地球的基本知识）（地球的基本知识）2 Rock（岩石）（岩石）3 Soils formation and soils engineering properties （土的形成和土的工程性质）（土的形成和土的工程性质）4 Geological structure（地质构造）（地质构造）5 Groundwater（地下水）（地下水）6 The analyses of engineering geology problems （工程地质问题分析）（工程地质问题分析）7 Engineering investigation(

2、工程勘察工程勘察)The main topics of engineering geology 工程地质课程的主要内容工程地质课程的主要内容 Introduction 绪 论 1 the definition of civil engineering geology 土木工程地质的基本概念土木工程地质的基本概念 2 The position of engineering geology in the civil engineering course system(工程地质在土工程地质在土木学科体系中的位置木学科体系中的位置)3 the main substance about engineer

3、ing geology (工程地质学研究的具体内容工程地质学研究的具体内容)4 the importance of GE(学习意义学习意义)5 Demands(requirements)（要求）（要求）The main topics in introductionThe main topics in introduction 绪论中的主要内容绪论中的主要内容1 the definition of engineering geology （工程地质学的基本概念）（工程地质学的基本概念）(1)Engineering geology is about applying all branches of

4、 the geosciences(地质学地质学)to assure the safety,efficiency,and economy of engineering and environmental projects.（2）Engineering Geology is devoted to the investigation（勘察）（勘察）,study and solution of the engineering and environmental problems which may arise as the result of the interaction between geolo

5、gy and the works and activities of man as well as to the prediction and the development of measures for prevention or mediation of geological hazards（地质灾害）（地质灾害）(3)Which are mainly concerned with the geological problems encountered in civil engineering.Its main tasks is to investigate and evaluate t

6、he geological engineering problems,provide the basic information for the plan,design and construction of the civil engineering.2 The position of engineering geology in the civil engineering course system(工程地质在土木学科体工程地质在土木学科体系中的位置系中的位置 Core course（基础课程）（基础课程）Differential and integral algebra probabil

7、ity and statistics engineering math PhysicsChemicalTechnological core course（专业基础课程）（专业基础课程）Surveying engineering mapping materialssurveying engineering（工程测量）（工程测量）engineering geology(工程地质工程地质)soil(rock)mechanics（岩土力学）（岩土力学）theoretical mechanics material mechanics structure mechanics elastic or plas

8、tic（弹塑性）（弹塑性）hydrolic mechanics（水力学）（水力学）Specialized courseSpecialized course（专业课程）（专业课程）concrete structure（砌体结构 steel structure（钢结构）road engineering（道路工程）the design of road survey（道路勘测设计）bridge engineering(桥梁工程桥梁工程)traffic engineering(交通工程交通工程)foundation engineering(基础工程基础工程)construction technology

9、(building)施工技术施工技术 engineering management and budget estimation engineering bidding rehabilitation (building、brigde、road)（工程招投标）（工程招投标）3 the main substance about engineering geology (工程地质学研究的具体内容工程地质学研究的具体内容)The purpose of studying GE is to provide good geological environment for engineering or to e

10、valuate and forecast the engineering geological problems that may occurred in the period of the service time（服务期）of the building.on this base,to give the effective engineering prevention methods.the study about topography and landforms （地形地貌）the study about the fundamental engineering properties(phy

11、sical and mechanics)of soils and rock(岩土工程性质）geological structure（地质构造）Geological Environment(Geological Condition)地质环境和地质条件的含义地质环境和地质条件的含义4 the importance of GE(学习意义学习意义)hydrogeology(水文地质：地下水条件)the analyses of engineering geological problems （工程地质问题分析）the engineering investigation（工程勘察）5 Demands(re

12、quirements)（要求）（要求）1 to master the basic concept about EG 2 to comprehend the main geological problems occurred in engineering.knowing that how the problems happened,how can we prevent it.3 class discipline 4 finish the homework on time Chapter 1 The basic information of earth 第一章第一章 地球的基本知识地球的基本知识S

13、ECTION 1-1 Inner structure of earth 第一节第一节 地球的内部结构地球的内部结构 This region is thin compared to the other layers in the Earth.It varies in thickness from 10km deep to 65km deep.The crust is made up of lighter rocks that float on top of the mantle.This layer includes the continents as well as the rock unde

14、r the oceans.we have built many deep mines but NONE have yet reached the mantle!The Crust(地壳地壳)软流圈软流圈岩石圈岩石圈上地慢上地慢有关岩石圈有关岩石圈 (lithosphere)Structure of the Earths crust and top most layer of the upper mantle（上地慢上地慢）.The lithosphere（岩石圈（岩石圈）consists of the oceanic crust,continental crust,and uppermost

15、mantle.Beneath the lithosphereis the asthenosphere（软流圈软流圈）.This layer,which is also part of the upper mantle,extends to a depth of about 200 kilometers.Sedimentary deposits are commonly found at the boundaries between the continental and oceanic crust.This region lies under the crust and is approxim

16、ately 2900km thick.The mantle is much denser than the crust(which is why the crust floats on top)and has a texture much like tar.The rock in this region is rich in compounds made from iron,magnesium,and silicon which accounts for why it is denser than the crust.The Mantle（地幔）This region is divided i

17、nto two parts.The outer part is called the Outer Core.It is about 2100km thick and made of liquid nickel and iron.The inner part is called the Inner Core and it is the real centre of the Earth.This part is about 2800km in diameter and is made of solid iron and nickel.The Core:SECTION 1-2 Plate Struc

18、ture Theory 第二节第二节 板块构造理论板块构造理论1 Pacific Plate(太平洋板块太平洋板块)2 North American Plate（北美板块）（北美板块）3 South American Plate（南美板块）4 Eurasian Plate（欧亚板块）（欧亚板块）5 African Plate（非洲板块）（非洲板块）6 Indo Australian Plate（澳印板块）（澳印板块）7 Antarctic Plate（南极州板块）（南极州板块）1 Pacific Plate 2 North American Plate3 South American Plat

19、e 4 Eurasian Plate5 African Plate 6 Indo Australian Plate7 Antarctic Plate 板块构造理论板块构造理论板块的形成（大陆漂移）德国气象学家阿尔弗雷德魏格纳（Alfred Wegener）海底扩张理论 （Theory of Ocean Floor Spreading）海底扩张的证据（沉积物的年龄）海底扩张的证据（沉积物的年龄）海底扩张的结果（喜马拉雅山的形成）海底扩张的结果（喜马拉雅山的形成）海沟的形成海沟的形成岩石循环的概念岩石循环的概念 SECTION 1-3 :The concept of Geological Acti

20、on（function）第三节第三节 地质作用的概念地质作用的概念 1 What is geological action（基本定义）（基本定义）mean the actions that make alteration for the composition，structure,shape of the rock cycle because of the natural dynamics.Crust movement Sun natural dynamics Wind glacier gravitation water2 The classification of the Geo.Actio

21、n （地质作用分类）（地质作用分类）(1)outer-dynamics geological action(外动力地质作用外动力地质作用)dynamic source is from the sun,gravity,attraction force between sun and moon.Weathering（风化作用）（风化作用）the Rock is destroyed at the place where it was formed because of the outer dynamics.Erosion（剥蚀作用）（剥蚀作用）Rock body 岩体岩体 is separated

22、from its mother rock （母岩）（母岩）because of the water,wind,glacier.Carrying(搬运作用搬运作用)the process that rock is carried from one place to anther place.Because of Sedimentation（沉积作用）（沉积作用）the process in which the carrying materials sink to the bottom of ground when the power of gravity of the materials is

23、bigger than the carrying force.Rock-formation action（成岩作用）（成岩作用）the process that the materials sunk to ground surface to become hard or solid rock body.Crust movement（地壳运动）（地壳运动）B:Magmatism(magmatic activities)岩浆作用岩浆作用 (magmatic intrusion and volcanic eruption)Earthquake（地震作用）（地震作用）(2)Inner-dynamics

24、 geological action(内动力地质作用内动力地质作用)(the dynamics source is from earth Metamorphism（变质作用）（变质作用）Because of the high pressure and or temperature,the rock is changed to a new kind of rock,This rock is called metamorphic rock.Every geological phenomena is the result of geological action.Including:A mineral,rock,Land shape(mountain,river,plain.)Tectonics