《英语写作教程（第一册）》课件L13 para coherence.pptx

1、the development of a single topic idea UnityCoherencea cluster of logically related sentences1.Properties of an Effective Paragraph1.Paragraph Coherencel“sticking together;or“connection and consistency”lestablishing a relationship between the ideas presented in a paragraph.（Santorini）A coherent para

2、graph is one in which every sentence after the first is connected to the one before it,to the topic sentence,or to both,and readers can readily follow the writers train of thought(=a related series of thoughts).An incoherent paragraph is one in which the sentence are badly connected or not connected

3、 at all,and the readers are likely to lose their way.Ways to Achieve Coherence 1)Arranging Sentences in a Clear Order spatial order chronological order climactic order(按重要性)general-to-specific order specific-to-general order 2)Using pronouns Pronouns stand for nouns that appear earlier in the senten

4、ce or in previous sentences.Using correct pronouns in proper places prevents monotony(单调)and promotes clarity.Sample 1 English is considered as an international language.It is spoken by more than 260 million people all over the world.Sample 2 Professional writers begin by trying to interest readers.

5、They never start by saying,“How can I avoid making mistakes?”They ask themselves this question instead:“How can I make people pay attention to what I am saying-and take my writing seriously?”Good writers want to be correct.They know that if they use incorrect spelling,sloppy punctuation,erratic gram

6、mar,and rough syntax,they will destroy the effect of their writing-just as a pianist who hits a few wrong notes will destroy the effect of a Beethoven concerto(协奏曲).But professional writers never assume that correctness is enough in itself.They want to engage readers and keep them engaged.3)Using re

7、peated key words or implied repetition helping to remind the reader of the focus.Sometimes the word may appear in different forms.Sample 3Although most people know that the success of a television show is measured by its ratings,few know exactly how shows are rated.First,a rating company installs me

8、ters in a few thousand representative homes in a particular area.When the television set in one of these homes is turned on,the meter records the day,time,and the channel.The meter then electronically sends this information to the rating companys headquarters.A computer at the headquarters tallies a

9、ll of the information from all the homes in the area.Finally,the computer prints 4 rating sheet that shows how many homes watched each show and which shows are the most popular.Sample 3Although most people know that the success of a television show is measured by its ratings,few know exactly how sho

10、ws are rated.First,a rating company installs meters in a few thousand representative homes in a particular area.When the television set in one of these homes is turned on,the meter records the day,time,and the channel.The meter then electronically sends this information to the rating companys headqu

11、arters.A computer at the headquarters tallies all of the information from all the homes in the area.Finally,the computer prints 4 rating sheet that shows how many homes watched each show and which shows are the most popular.4)Using Transitional Words and Phrases help the reader grasp the connections

12、 in a paragraph.road signs,helping to point the way and to keep the direction clear.Useful Transitionsl1.To add ideas together and,also,besides,furthermore,in addition,moreover,too,first,second,finally 2.To show emphasis above all,after all,in fact,particularly,obviously,certainly,surely,undoubtedly

13、,no doubt.3.To show similarity like,likewise,in the same manner,in the same way,similarly,equally important,also,too,in comparison.4.To show contrast although,but,however,in contrast,in spite of,on the contrary,on the other hand,unlike,whereas,while,yet,instead,rather,nevertheless,still.5.To express

14、 cause and effect relationship as,because,due to,for,for this reason,now that,since,owing to;as a result(consequence),accordingly,consequently,therefore,thus hence.6.To point out examples for example,for instance,to illustrate,such as,as an example,in particular,specifically.7.To indicate time first

15、,second,meanwhile,in time,later,during,now,eventually,at times,before,after,after that,afterward,from then on,immediately,shortly,formerlatter,later,meanwhile,next,soon,now,then,until,while,earlier,last,finally,eventually.8.To indicate space Here,there,on the opposite side,to/at/on/in the right,into

16、,to/on/in the south,southern,in front,in the middle,at the back,at the end of,beyond,outside,above,inside,below,across,within,up,down,near,far,next to,between,among.9.To draw a conclusion all in all,in a word,on the whole,in conclusion,in brief,in short,in sum,in summary,to conclude,to summarize,to

17、sum up,therefore.Sample 4 My efforts to define workaholism and to distinguish workaholics from other hard workers proved difficult.Workaholics do work hard,not all hard workers are workaholics.Moonlighters,for example,may work 16 hours a day to make ends meet,but most of them will stop working when

18、their financial circumstances permit.Accountants,too,seem to work non-stop,but many slow down after,the April 15 tax deadline.Workaholics,on the other hand,always devote more time and thought to their work than their situation demands.Even in the absence of deadlines to meet,mortgages to pay,promoti

19、ons to earn,or bosses to please,workaholics still work hard.What sets them apart is their attitude toward work,not the number of hours they work.Sample 4 My efforts to define workaholism and to distinguish workaholics from other hard workers proved difficult.Workaholics do work hard,not all hard wor

20、kers are workaholics.Moonlighters,for example,may work 16 hours a day to make ends meet,but most of them will stop working when their financial circumstances permit.Accountants,too,seem to work non-stop,but many slow down after,the April 15 tax deadline.Workaholics,on the other hand,always devote mo

21、re time and thought to their work than their situation demands.Even in the absence of deadlines to meet,mortgages to pay,promotions to earn,or bosses to please,workaholics still work hard.What sets them apart is their attitude toward work,not the number of hours they work.5)Using parallel structures

22、 parallelism-the use of similar grammatical structures Sample 5 You must give up believing that all the riches of life will come from reaching the goals of your idealized self.If your ideal self is evidently not going to be attainable and you refuse to adjust down,you will go the rout of chronic dep

23、ression.On the other hand,if you recognize that you will never be president of the big city bank,you can get on with becoming branch manager in your favorite community and maybe find your greatest pleasure in becoming a little League coach for starting choir.In this paragraph,the use of same structu

24、re in the second and third helps to develop the topic sentence stated in the first sentence.6)Using synonyms(同义词同义词)This device is effective by linking components of a paragraph together through the use of words whose meaning are similar.Sample 6Farm laborers said that they always woke up to find that work had been done overnight.Hay had been cut and cow sheds had been cleaned.A farm worker,who stayed up all night,claimed to have seen a figure cutting corn in the moonlight.Turn to page 196 and finish the practice in class.Thank you!