中国文化1.ppt

1、An Introduction to Chinese Culture中国文化概论The Basic National Conditions of Ancient China 古代中国的基本国情Geographical Surroundings&the Economic Structure 地理环境与经济结构lThe Chinese culture can be defined as a cultural system rich in distinct national style which took shape within the terrain of China.The culture

2、includes the spiritual culture and behavioral culture as well as their materialized presentations.l中国文化指产生发展于中国地域内的一种富有鲜明的民族特色的文化体系。我们这里讲的主要是精神文化和行为文化，以及这些精神文化和行为文化的某些物化的文化形式 Cultural forms,features,historical cateory 文化形式、特征、历史范畴文化形式、特征、历史范畴lIt is these cultural forms that typify the fundamental fe

3、atures of the Chinese culture.lIt belongs to the historical category,having undergone 5 000-year development before it turns into todays splendid sight,both extensive and profound l这些文化形式最典型地反映展示了中国文化的概要面貌和基本特征。中国文化是一个历史的范畴，它经历了50000年的发展才形成了今天的面貌，底蕴厚重，博大精深。Chinese tradition,national category,collisi

4、on and exchange,unique characteristicslTo some extent the Chinese culture indicates the Chinese tradition.lMeanwhile it can be relegated to the national category.lAfter a long process of relatively independent development followed by the collision and exchange afterwards between China and foreign co

5、untries the Chinese culture assumed unique characteristics,became an outstanding member in the brilliant global family of national cultures,and grew to be a main representative of Oriental national cultures.l中国文化在某种程度上指的就是传统文化。同时它又是一个民族的范畴，在长期的相对独立的发展以及中外文化的冲撞交流中，以我为主，中国文化形成了自己的特色，卓然立于世界民族文化之林，成为东方民

6、族文化的主要代表。basic national conditions,formation,specific historical background and geographical surroundingslFor anyone to understand the basic national conditions of ancient China,the Chinese culture is a must,and vice versa.lThe basic national conditions in China owed its formation to the development

7、 of the Chinese culture in the specific historical background and geographical surroundings l了解中国的基本国情，必须要了解中国文化。反之亦然。l中国的基本国情，是中国文化的发展在特定的历史背景和地理环境下形成的，Channel,surroundings,structure,development and traitslGrasping the basic national conditions promises an indispensable channel to the Chinese cultu

8、re.lThe following is an introduction of the Chinese culture from the perspectives of the geographical surroundings,economic structure,and historical development and traits.l而把握中国的基本国情，也是我们了解中国文化的必要门径。下面依次介绍中国文化形成的地理环境、社会人文背景、历史发展和基本特征。The Geographical SurroundingslChina is a unitary multinational co

9、untry with a vast territory and a large population.lThe geographical surroundings play a vital role in the formation and development of the Chinese culture.Situated in the continent of East Asia,China is located in relatively enclosed geographical surroundingsl中国是一个疆域辽阔、人口众多的多民族的统一国家。它立国的地理环境对中国文化的形

10、成发展起到了至关重要的作用。中国位于东亚大陆，处于一个相对隔绝封闭的地理环境中：desert,prairie,plateau,forest,oceanlIn the north stretches the vast desert and prairie;lin the west,the vast expanse of Gobi and desert and Qinghai-Tibet plateau;in the southwest,Yunnan-Guizhou mountainous region and boundless tropical rain forests;lin the eas

11、t and southeast,the ocean l北部是辽阔的大漠与草原，西部是浩瀚的戈壁沙漠和青藏高原，西南部是云贵山地和莽莽雨林，东部和东南部的平原与丘陵地带则面向大洋。enclosed,independent,free from impact,stable,regional featureslThe relatively enclosed geographical surroundings provided exceptional natural advantages for the ancient Chinese culture to develop independently,f

12、or a fairly long period free from the impact of foreign cultures,especially those powerful ones.These facilitated the Chinese culture to evolve into a stable and independent system with distinctive regional features.l这种相对封闭的地理环境为中国古代文化相对独立的发展提供了自然条件。所以在相当长的一段时间里，中国文化与外来文化的武力冲撞较少。这对中国文化形成一个历史悠久又自成体系，

13、具有鲜明的地域特征且具有一定的稳定性的文化系统，有着重要的作用。terrain,high,low,rivers,agriculture,transportation,rigional cutureslSince the terrain of China is high in the west and low in the east,several long rivers running from west to east are distributed evenly to form the valleys of Liaohe River,Yellow River,Yangtze River a

14、nd Pearl River.lThe large rivers and their tributaries facilitate the agricultural development and transportation as well as the growth of regional cultures l中国内部的地理环境西高东低，东西走向的几条大河较为均匀地分布于其间，构成了辽河、黄河、长江、珠江几个流域。流域内纵横其间的支流为农业的发展和交通提供了有利的自然条件，也促成了区域文化的发展 Different styles,cultural confusion,political u

15、nitylChinese cultural system is an organic unity with multi-elements.Different styles of regional cultures enrich the connotation of the Chinese culture.Meanwhile,conflicts among different regional cultures came into being between various nationalities as well as regional regimes,due to the differen

16、ce in geographical surroundings and the regional cultures arising therefrom.The general trend,however,is cultural fusion and political unity.l风格多样各异的区域文化融合为一体，丰富了中国文化的内涵。但又产生了区域文化间几次的冲突，这里面既有民族间的，也有地方政权间的，但最终是复归于文化的融合和政治的一统。climate,natural resources,agricultural economy,economic modelWith the territ

17、ory in the temperate and subtropical zones,the natural resources such as light,heat,water and soil are fit for the development of agricultural economy.Especially in the Yellow River Valley and the Yangtze River Valley,farming is the major economic mode l中国的疆域处于温带和亚热带地区，光、热、水、土和生物等自然资源和自然条件都比较适合农业经济的

18、发展。特别在黄河流域与长江流域，农耕生产是其主要的经济方式。agricultural nature,valleys,seasonal climatelAncient Chinese civilization is of agricultural nature,which is an early-maturing type of human civilization.Hence,Chinas ancient civilization originated mainly in the Yellow River Valley and the Yangtze River Valley.Agricult

19、ural civilization developed early in the Yellow River Valley.People here enjoy seasonal climate of temperate zone.l中国的古代文明，其性质是农业文明，这是一种早熟型的人类文明。中国的古代文明主要发生在黄河流域和长江流域，尤其是黄河流域。中国的古代文明主要发生在黄河流域和长江流域，尤其是黄河流域。黄河流域那四季分明的温带气候，agricultural civilations,fundamental differenceslBesides,the thick and fertile l

20、ayer of loess,and the water resources provided by the river and its tributaries also contribute to its development.l肥沃厚实的黄土层，大河及其支流所提供的可资开发利用的水利资源，使黄河流域的农业文明很早就发展起来lFor quite a long period,the Yellow River Valley has been the major birthplace and base of the ancient civilization.Agricultural civiliz

21、ation plays a decisive role in forming and promoting the Chinese culture,which constitutes its fundamental differences from Western culture.l在很长的一段历史时期内，成为中华古代文明的主要发祥地和根据地。农业文明给予中国文化的形成和发展以决定性的影响，是构成中国文化不同于西方文化的基本点。The Economic Structure lChinese economic structure has undergone a process of change

22、from the ancient pattern composed mainly of agriculture to that of technology in a modern industrial society.The agricultural society,which lasted for several thousand years,with the small-scale peasant economy in the leading position,exerted a strong influence on the development of the Chinese cult

23、ure l长达数千年的、以小农经济占主导地位的农业社会，给中国文化的发展打下了深刻的印记。types,farming,pasturage,fishing,lIn ancient China,the natural economic pattern went like this:farming was the major mode of production and family,the basic unit.In primitive society,three types of regional economy farming,pasturage and fishing gradually c

24、ame into existence because of the discrepancies in natural geographical surroundings l在中国的古代社会，社会经济结构是以农耕为主要生产方式，以家庭为基本单位的自然经济形态。远古时期，由于不同的自然地理环境，逐渐形成了农耕、游牧和渔猎三种不同生产方式的区域经济。farming zone,nomadic zone,fishing and hunting zonelAfter the Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasties,some relatively stable economic zones

25、 developed:the farming zone in the middle and lower valleys of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River,the nomadic zone in the northern and northwestern frontiers and the fishing and hunting zone in the northeast l夏、商、周以后，中国形成了比较稳定的以黄河和长江中下游地区为中心的农耕经济区、北和西北边疆的游牧经济区和东北的渔猎经济区 Early-maturing prosperity,

26、agricultural civilizationlHowever,due to the early-maturing prosperity and wide dispersion,the agricultural economy always had a leading role in ancient China.The mainstream of the ancient Chinese culture was based on the agricultural civilization l由于当时农业经济的早熟发达和分布广阔，农业经济在古代中国社会始终居于主导地位，古代中国的主流文化是建立

27、在农业文明基础之上的。Offences,military might,under control,agricultural civilizationlThe nationalities engaged in pasturage or fishing and hunting in the north mounted large-scale offences southward many times by taking advantage of their military might,and managed to establish their political power successiv

28、ely,but each time they were brought under the control of the agricultural civilization of the Central Plains l在历史上，位于北方的游牧或渔猎民族曾多次凭借着强盛的武力大举南下，并先后在黄河中下游地区建立了政权，但都被中原地区的农业文明所驯服同化，Assimilated,integrated,reverted to,agricultural economy,foundationlAssimilated by and integrated with the Hua Xia and Han

29、nationalities,they reverted to the traditional social pattern with Han nationality as its main body and agricultural economy as its foundation.l融入到华夏族和汉族中去，最终还原于以汉族为主体的，以农业经济为基础的传统社会模式。Agriculture,instrumental,molding,encouraging farming,limiting commercelAgriculture was fundamental to the developme

30、nt of ancient China.Farming,the origin of which can at least be traced back to 8 000 years ago,has been instrumental in molding the basic social outlook of ancient China.Agriculture shaped the political system and ideology.In ancient China,rulers of each dynasty happened to coincide in their policy

31、of protecting agriculture,i.e.encouraging farming but limiting commerce l中国最少已经有8 000年的农耕历史。农耕经济塑造了古代中国的基本社会面貌，在此基础上形成了与之相适应的政治制度和观念形态。古代中国的历代统治者都不约而同地实行了保护农业经济的政策，具体讲就是劝农政策和抑商政策。Incentive measures,grand ceremony,conventional practicelIncentive measures were adopted to develop farming.With the begin

32、ning of the Western Zhou Dynasty,emerged the system of household land.Every year at the Beginning of Spring(first solar term)of each year,a grand ceremony would be held.The Emperor,as well as dukes and princes would plough their own household land,setting a model for the common people to follow,and

33、conveying the message that the government attached high importance to agriculture.Later,this became a conventional practice l劝农政策是鼓励从事农耕活动。至少从西周开始，已产生了籍田制度。每年立春之日，天子、诸侯都要举行一个盛大的礼仪活动，由天子、诸侯亲自执耒耜，耕籍田，为民众做榜样，表达政府对农业生产活动的重视，以后形成惯例。Commend,discourage,restrain,punishmentslThe government also commended tho

34、se who had scored outstanding achievements in the area of farming.In order to discourage the development of the craft and commercial sector,measures were taken to punish and restrain those handicraftsmen and businessmen.The punishments were sometimes very stern,such as forbidding businessmen to wear silk clothes,carry swords or use a chariot and even to confiscate their property l此外政府还要表彰“力田”，即在农业生产中有卓越表现者。抑商政策则是惩罚压制从事工商业活动的人，从而抑制工商业的发展，消除对农业经济的冲击。历代统治者的“抑商”有时是非常严厉的，其中包括不准商人衣丝绸、携剑、乘车等，甚至有没收财产的处罚