上海牛津版八年级上Unit1知识点总结.doc

1、Unit 1 Penfriends知识梳理第一部分：词汇精讲1. corner n.角People arrived from all corners of the world.人们纷纷从世界各处抵达。【比较】in the corner, on the corner, at the cornerin the corner 多用于指在直角的内角里。The flowers are in the corner of the room. 那些花在房间的角落里。on the corner 多用于指在直角的顶点上。The box is on the corner of the desk. 盒子放在桌角上。a

2、t the corner 表示在拐角周围，范围要大一些。Be careful when you are at the corner of the street. 在街道拐角的地方要小心。2. own v.拥有Mr. Smith owns a car. 史密斯先生有一辆小汽车。【拓展】own adj.自己的；特有的 owner n.物主人3. nearby adv.在附近She lives nearby. 她住在附近。【拓展】nearby还可以作为形容词和介词。（1）作形容词时，意为“附近的；旁边的”。如： She is staying at a nearby hotel. 她住在附近一家旅馆里

3、。（2）作介词时，意为“在旁边；在附近”，相当于near。如： Were going to build a new hotel nearby the station。我们打算在车站附近新建一座旅馆。4. university n.大学；高等学府Did your brother go to university? 你哥哥上过大学吗？【拓展】college与university College指规模较小，学科较少的高等院校，尤指与特定职业相关的高等教育机构，如：师范学院，技术学院等；它也可指university中划分出来的各个学院，如：文学院、计算机学院等。另外，college在口语中可泛指提供高

4、等教育的大学。 University指规模大、学科多，同时还进行各项科研工作的综合性大学，通常有权授予毕业生各种学位。另外，university有时可以与college互换使用，均泛指提供高等教育的大学。【提示】老师在上课过程中要为学生总结出常考的字母u开头的单词的冠词用法，如uniform，umbrella等。5. keen adj.喜爱；有兴趣Im keen on Jay Chous songs. 我很喜欢周杰伦的歌曲。【拓展】(be) keen on 对着迷=be interested in【提示】注意为学生讲解be keen on+doing的形式。6. best adj.最好的I t

5、hink Johns plan is the best. 我认为约翰的方案最好。【拓展】best adv.（well的最高级）最好；最好地I think Friday would suit me best. 我想周五对我最合适。best n.最好的事物（或人）She always wants the best. 她总是想要最好的。【提示】like.best=favourite7. physics n.物理学Physics is hard for me. 物理学对我来说很难。【拓展】physical adj.身体的；物理的【提示】常见的学科名称有：Chinese 语文 maths/mathema

6、tics 数学 English 英语 social study 社会学 politics 政治 chemistry 化学 history 历史 geography 地理 biology 生物 PE 体育 music 音乐 art 美术 craft 工艺 science 自然常识；科学8. ambition n.追求的目标；志向One of his ambitions is to become the president of the company. 他的抱负之一是成为该公司的总裁。9. maybe adv.或许；可能Its clouding up. Maybe itll rain this

7、afternoon. 天阴下来了，今天下午也许要下雨。【比较】maybe与may bemaybe 是副词，意为“也许；可能”，在句中作状语，相当于perhaps，常位于句首。Maybe shell come this afternoon. 她可能今天下午来。may be 中的may 是情态动词，be是动词原形，两者构成完整的谓语形式，与主语形成系表结构，意为“也许是，可能是”。He may be a soldier. 他可能是一名军人。10. height n.(人的)高度；(物的)高度The tree grew to a height of 20 feet.这棵树长到了20英尺高。【拓展】h

8、igh adj.高的11. dream n.梦想，理想He realized the dream of his life time. 他实现了毕生的愿望。【拓展】dream v.梦见，梦想 dream of doing sth. 梦想做某事12. probably adv.很可能；大概-Can he hear us? 他听得见我们说话吗？-Probably not. 大概听不到。【拓展】probable adj.可能的；大概的第二部分：重点句型1. and I would like to be your penfriend. 并且，我想成为你的笔友。would you like to 意为“想

9、要，愿意”，相当于want to。又如：-Would you like to go to the cinema tonight?(= Do you want to go to the cinema tonight?)今晚你想去看电影吗？-Yes, Id like to. 是的，我想去。（Id = I would）也可用would love to, would prefer to来表示“想要，愿意”的意思。如：Id love to go to Australia. 我想去澳大利亚。2. My hobby is playing chess. 我的爱好是下国际象棋。在这个句子中，playing ch

10、ess是动名词（动词-ing形式）作表语。动名词作表语常常用来表示经常性或习惯性的动作，如用来表示个人的兴趣爱好等。又如：His hobbies are collecting stamps and playing the piano. 他的兴趣是集邮和弹钢琴。3. He is at university in London. 他在伦敦上大学。at university意为“（在）上大学”。【拓展】英语中有不少“介词+名词”的结构可表示一些特定的含义，而无须加定冠词the。如：His grandma is now in hospital. 他奶奶正在住院。类似情况还有：in prison意为“服

11、刑”等等。【对比】如果在这类名词前面加冠词，则表示另外的意思，如：in the hospital可理解为在医院工作或办事，而不是住院（治疗）。4. I am keen on sports. 我喜欢体育运动。be keen on相当于likevery much或be very interested in，意为“（特别）喜欢；渴望；热衷于”。常见的结构是“be keen on +名词短语或动名词”。又如：Im not keen on light music. 我不是很喜欢轻音乐。Hes quite keen on going abroad. 他十分渴望出国。5. I enjoy skiing an

12、d playing table tennis. 我喜欢滑雪和打乒乓球。enjoy 后面常跟名词或动名词。如：The twin brothers always enjoy concerts/going to the concerts. 这对双胞胎兄弟喜欢去听音乐会。enjoy在表示“喜欢”的意思时，与like，love近义，但like和love后除了跟名词或动名词之外，还可跟动词不定式(to do)，而enjoy后面不可接动词不定式。如：Eddie loves/likes to go for a swim this afternoon. 艾迪今天下午想去游泳。【提示】enjoy oneself

13、过得开心=have a good time6. My ambition is to be an architect, or maybe an engineer. 我的理想是成为一名建筑设计师，或是一名工程师。在上句中，to be an architect 是动词不定式作表语。又如：To a doctor, the most important thing is to save peoples lives. 对一名医生而言，最重要的事就是挽救人们的生命。His job is to help make peoples teeth healthy. 他的工作是给人们的牙齿保健。第三部分：语法点拨1.

14、不定冠词“a”用在以辅音音素开始的单词前，如：a beautiful girl, a useful book等；而“an”则用于以元音音素开始的单词前，如：an hour, an umbrella(1) 用来表示一类人或事物 She is a teacher.(2) 指某一类人或事物中的一个 An elephant is bigger than a horse.(3) 泛指某一人或事物 A man is waiting for you at the school gate.(4) 相当于“one”的概念 I just bought a new dictionary.(5) at a dista

15、nce意为“离开一定距离”。而in the distance为“远方，远处”。 The picture looks better at a distance.类似的固定词组还有：have a walk/a rest /a lookin a hurry 匆匆忙忙make a face 作鬼脸do somebody a favour 帮某人忙a number of =many 许多have a good time (玩得好)have a cold (感冒)have a headache (头痛)have a break=have a rest 休息一下as a rule (照例)(6) 在序数词的

16、含意不是顺序中的第一第二，而其意在于再学一个，再来一个时，应用aI want to learn a second language this term. 本句的意思应为：这学期我要学一门第二外语。(7) a/an在一些习惯用语中a lot a bit a little a few a glass of a pair of have a rest have a break have a good time in a hurry in a minute for a while have a look with a smile take an active part in take a walk2.

17、特殊疑问词的用法【定义】 以特殊疑问词开头，对陈述句中的某一部分提出疑问 / 进行发问,回答时针对问句中的代词和副词来回答，不用yes或no的句子叫特殊疑问句。【特殊疑问词全搜索】一句话： wh-开头外加能与之结伴同行的名词； how及它的形容词兄弟姐妹们，即如： what， where， which， what class， what time， what number； who, whom, whose, how， how many， how old， how much等。无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一

18、定的范围内，例如：Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? 咖啡和茶，你喜欢喝哪种？ What do you usually drink before dinner? 你饭前通常喝什么？ Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如：Who(m) did you meet on the street?你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语）Who(m) are you taking the book to?你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）To whom did you speak o

19、n the campus?你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代）特殊疑问句的构成：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 How old are you? 你多大了？ Whats this in English? 这个用英语怎么讲？但特殊疑问句有时也要特殊解：即如果问的是主语或主语的定语时，这时的特殊疑问句看起来成了特殊疑问词(+主语)+陈述句。如：Whos not here today? 今天谁没来？ Which pen is red? 哪支钢笔是红色的？特殊疑问句的语调小插件一般说来，特殊疑问句都要读成降调()，并往往让最后一个单词承担此重任。如：What row are you

20、 in()? 你在第几排？ Where isE ()? E在哪里？对特殊疑问句的答复小扫描疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，疑问代词一般都放在句首，并在句中作为某一句子成分。如： What is this? （what作表语）这是什么？what color is it ? 什么颜色? Which is bigger, the left one or the right one?（which作主语）哪一个大一点，左边的一个还是右边的一个？What are you talking about? （what作宾语）你在说什么？Who will go with you? （who作主语）谁和你一起去？Whom

21、 are you talking to? （whom作宾语）你在跟谁说话？Whose dictionary is this? （whose作定语）这是谁的字典？Whats the capital of your country? 贵国首都是哪儿？Whats your motherland? 你祖国是哪儿？1）回答特殊疑问句，不能用yes / no；但可用到什么山上唱什么歌来形容对特殊疑问句的应答，即问什么答什么(尤其是简略回答更明显)。如：-How old is your sister? 你妹妹今年多大了？ -Shes only five. / Only five. (她)才5岁。对指物名词或

22、谓语动词提出疑问，疑问词用what 询问天气。“How +be +the weather.？”与“What +be +the weather like.？”意思相同。例如： How is the weather today? = Whats the weather like today? 今天天气如何？ The twins were making a kite when their mother came in. （划线提问）_ _ the twins _ when their mother came in? Mrs Turner asked her son to buy some eggs

23、for supper. （划线提问）_ _ Mrs Turner ask her son _ _ for supper? 【keys】 What were doing What did to buy2）对名词前定语提出疑问，疑问词应用which，而且必须和名词连用。 Im going to take the shirt on the right.（划线提问）_ _ are you going to take? 【keys】Which shirt3）对指人名词或代词提问用who，作宾语时提问用whom。4）对物主代词和名词所有格提问用whose。Li Pings coatWhose coat,

24、my fatherWhose father 5）对具体时间提出疑问，如 in the morning,last Sunday等，疑问词用when；对具体几点钟提问，疑问词应用what time。6）对具体地点提出疑问，疑问词应用where。 The pupils are having a picnic at the foot of the hill. （划线提问）_ _ the pupils having a picnic? 【keys】Where are 7）对表原因的从句提问，常见的有because引导的从句，疑问词应用why。Xiao Cheng didnt go to the farm

25、 with us because he was ill. （划线提问） _ _ Xiao Cheng go to the farm with us? 【keys】Why didnt 8）对方式或程度等提出疑问，用疑问词How。 I usually go to school by bike.How is that movie? I like it very much. “How. like.？”与“What. think of.？”如出一辙。例如： How do you like the film? = What do you think of the film? 你觉得这部电影怎么样？ 9）对

26、数量提出疑问，疑问词为How many，要注意how many必须跟名词的复数形式。 two hundred sheepHow many sheep 10）对价格提出疑问，疑问词用How much。 I paid fifty yuan for the sweater. _ _ did you pay for the sweater? 【keys】How much 询问价格。“How much.？”或“How much. cost?”与“Whats the price of.？”效果一样。例如： How much is the computer? = How much does the comp

27、uter cost? = Whats the price of the computer? 这台电脑的价格是多少？ 11）对时间长度提出疑问，疑问词应用How long。 Ive worked in that factory for two years. （划线提问）_ _ _ you worked in that factory?【keys】How long have 重量、长度、高度、宽度、深度、速度、面积等。“How + 形容词 +.？”与“Whats the + 名词 + of .？”意思相同。例如： How heavy is that basket of apples? = What

28、s the weight of that basket of apples? 那筐苹果有多重？ 【注意】与what 句式转换时，how 后的形容词heavy, wide, high, tall, deep, long, fast, large等，须分别转换成对应的名词：weight, width, height, depth, length, speed, size等。其中How tall are you?与Whats your height?12）对时间频率，如 once a year, twice a week等提问，疑问词用How often。How often do you visit

29、 your grandma?13）对具体次数，如 once, twice, three times等提问，疑问词用How many times。 _ did he call you the day before yesterday? Twice. A. What time B. How many times C. How much D. How long 【keys】B14）对in+一段时间提问，疑问词一般用How soon。Jane and her brother will finish the work in two hours. （划线提问） _ _ _ Jane and her bro

30、ther finish the work? 【keys】How soon will 15）对距离提出疑问，疑问词用How far。 Its about two kilometres from here to the country.（划线提问）_ _ _ _ from here to the country? 【keys】How far is it 16）另外，对日期、星期、天气等提出疑问，则分别用 Whats the date? What day is it ? 如果是过去时间，就用was代替is。Whats the weather like? 17）对人口的提问,Whats the pop

31、ulation of Germany?德国的人口有多少？population 表示“人口”是一集体名词，have population of 表示“有多少人口”。例如：Our village has a population of two hundred people. 我们村有二百人口。Whats the population of.？”可与“How large is the population of.？”互相转换。例如：Whats the population of the world? = How large is the population of the world? 世界人口是多

32、少？ 【提示】在把肯定句改成否定句或一般疑问句的时候,要注意句中是否有already、some、something、somebody等词，如果有也必须进行改变，already要改成yet，some、something、somebody等分别改成any、anything、anybody等(注：疑问句表示请求、建议时应用some，不是any)。另外，在改成否定句的时候注意把too改成either, both改成neither, all改成none等。在改成一般疑问句的时候，常常把第一人称I、we改成第二人称you。经典例题【词汇篇】例1.（）It takes about from Hangzhou

33、 to Shanghai by train.A. two and a half hour B. two and a half hoursC. two hour and a half D. two hours and half【考点】小时的表达【解析】本题考两个半小时的英语表达，正确形式为two and a half hours。这是固定的语言习惯，需学员识记。【答案】B例2.（）I hope my grandmother to me soon.A. writing B. to write C. will write D. wrote【考点】hope的用法【解析】hope的用法有两种，hope

34、to do sth. 和 hope (that) sb. will do sth.，根据固定搭配可以选择正确答案。【答案】C例3.（）People in Bangkok enjoy fruit.A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. eatting【考点】enjoy后的动词形式【解析】enjoy后动词应为ing形式，故本题选eating。D选项有一定的迷惑性，eat非重读闭音节，不需双写t。【答案】C例4.（）The house price in Shanghai is _ to become lower and lower in the coming years. A.

35、politely B. possibly C. likely D. happily【考点】判断词意；形容词作表语【解析】根据句意“上海的房价变得越来越低在未来的几年里。”判断，A，礼貌地， B，可能地 C，可能的 D， 开心地，应该在B和C答案里选，根据语法，be动词is后应该用形容词作表语，所以该选likely。【答案】C例5.（）I am interested in collecting stamps from different countries.A. am good at B. am keen on C. am happy for D. am willing to【考点】保持句意不变

36、，同义近义词组【解析】be interested in是“对感兴趣”，从意思上应该选择be keen on“热衷于”【答案】B例6.（）Kitty is an girl.A. eleven years old B. eleven-year-oldC. eleven old D. eleven years【考点】数词的数量表达【解析】“手拉手，不加s，做形容词”。故选B【答案】B【句型语法篇】例7.（）In our school, every student has to wear _ _ uniform on Monday.A. a B. an C. the D. /【考点】冠词的使用【解析】

37、uniform虽然是以字母u开头，但是音标发音为辅音/ j /，所以不能用an；另外uniform是可数名词，所以应该选择a。【答案】A例8.（）The boy is keen on _ football and his ambition is _ a football player in the future.A. playingto be B. to playto be C. playingbe D. to playbe【考点】介词on后+动-ing，to do 不定式作表语【解析】on是介词，根据介词的用法，可知，介词后应该加动词-ing；本课中所学了to do 不定式作表语，所以综合两

38、个考点，应该选A。【答案】A例9.（）- My plan is _ videos at home. What are you going to do, Jenny?- Well, I prefer _ movies at the cinema. A. to watch, see B. watching, see C. watching, to see D. to watch, to see【考点】非谓语动词的考查【解析】to do 不定式作表语；prefer to do宁愿做某事。【答案】D【能力篇】例10. （）Writing: Please write an e-mail to Hans

39、Smith with at least 60 wordsHans Smith is a student from Britain who is looking for a penfriend on the InternetTell him you want to be his penfriend. The following information should be included：your name, your family, your school，your hobby and so on(请给来自英国的Hans Smith写一份电子邮件。告诉他你想成为他的笔友。邮件不少于60个单词内

40、容包括：你的姓名、家庭情况、学校情况，你的爱好等，邮件格式已给出.)To: hansyahoo,cornFrom: .Subject：A penfriend from Shanghai，ChinaDear HansFirst let me introduce myself to you. My name is _【参考答案】Li Ming，and Im a junior high school student in Shanghai，China. My hobbies are surfing the Internet and emailing people in different count

41、ries. l am the only child in my familyMy father is a engineer and my mother is a teacher.Ive got a few penfriends from America., Canada and AustraliaNow Id like some penfriends from Britain. Please e-mail me at Liming. I am looking forward to your replyYoursLi Ming【教学建议】8年级的词汇量开始增大，语法点的难度也开始提升，建议巩固本

42、单元重点知识，可以在掌握熟练的基础上灵活运用为写作表达。一、词汇：1、主要词组：would like to be（想要成为） one and a half meters（一点五米） play chess（下国际象棋） at university（在读大学） walk to school（步行上学） be keen on（热衷于） enjoy skiing and playing table tennis（喜欢滑雪和打乒乓球） Year 7（七年级） listen to pop music（听流行音乐） learn to do（学习做某事） close to（靠近） leave school（毕

43、业）2、词语变换：ownowner physicsphysical heighthigh probablyprobable enjoylike/love ski skiing universitya university accountantan accountant architect an architect二、句型： 1、My hobby is playing chess. （我的爱好是下国际象棋。）2、You can call me Jon. （你可以叫我乔恩。）3、He is studying to be an accountant. （他正在学习成为一名会计。）4、My ambition is to be an architect, or maybe an engineer. （我的目标是要成为一名建筑师，或者一名工程师。）5、I hope you will write to me soon and tell me all about yourself. （我希望你能很快写信给我告诉我关于你的一切。）