时态,语态,主谓一致(T).doc

1、被动语态特殊情况 编写人：张 燕一主动形式表被动含义的情况1. 感官系动词一般用主动表示被动，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 The material feels very soft. The food tastes delicious. 2. 动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用主动形式表被动意义,主语是物。并常与well, easily, smoothly等副词连用。The book sells well. Thi

2、s dress washes easily.某些不及物动词如move, lock, shut, open, work等常与cant, wont, doesnt等连用,The machine doesnt work. The window wont open.（这些动词与cant, wont等连用, 表示事物“拒绝”我们要它们“做”的事.）注意：主动表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock（指门本身有毛病） The door wont be locked（指不会有人来锁门, “门没有锁”是人的原因）3. 在某些句型中可用动名词的主

3、动形式表被动意义 。1). 在need，want，require等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 The house needs repairing / to be repaired这房子需要修理。2). worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义. The picture-book is well worth reading. 3). 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of things to do(to do与things是动宾

4、关系，与I是主谓关系。)试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)4). 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。如nice，easy，fit，hard等。This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5). 在”with + O. + to do” 复合结构中。

5、例如： With nothing to do, I sat down to watch TV. 6). 在too to结构中，不定式前可加逻辑主语，所以用主动形式表被动意义。This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.7). 在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。There is no time to lose / to be lost（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）8). 在be to do结构

6、中,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent, blame, let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。Who is to blame for starting the fire? The house is to let.二被动形式表主动含义：1 一些反向心理动词如：amaze(使发笑)，annoy(使恼怒)，astonish(使惊讶)，bore(使厌烦)，delight(使高兴)，disappoint(使失望)，frighten(使恐惧)，satisfy(使满意), shock(使震惊)，encourage(鼓励)，excite(使激动)，interest(使感兴趣)，inspire(使激励)，m

7、ove(使感动)，please(使高兴)，puzzle(使迷惑)，surprise(使吃惊)，tire(使疲劳)，upset(使不安)，worry(使担心)等，很多时候过去分词都变成了形容词, 表特点、状态或性质，因此看似被动实际表主动, 尤其是后边加介词更为多见。They were excited at the story. We were disappointed at the result.2一些以反身代词作宾语的反身动词如arm, attach, burden, bury, concern, convince, devote, dress, equip, hide, locate, l

8、ose, occupy, seat等，它们的被动形式通常表示主动意义。The politician was armed with many facts and figures. Naturally she is attached to her home.其实我们不妨把下面这样一些被动结构，当作固定词组来记：be armed with(掌握了)，be attached to(依恋上)，be burdened with (担负着),be buried in(致力于，专心于)，be concerned with/about (关心)，be convinced of(相信)，be dressed in

9、 (穿着)，be equipped with(配备了)，be hidden(躲藏起来)，be located(位于)，be lost in(陷入，迷路)，be occupied in/with(忙于)，be seated(就座)等。3不及物动词的过去分词与be连用表示主动意义，说明动作产生后的结果或状态。能这样用的动词常见的有go, come等。例如：My watch was gone.我的手表不见了。 4还有一些动词构成的被动形式也表示主动意义。例如：We were caught in a heavy rain.我们遇上了一场大雨。类似的词组还有：be used to(习惯于)，be bor

10、n(出生)，be determined(决心，决定)，be prepared(准备),be supposed (to) 应该,be devoted to热爱的; 忠实的,be addicted (to) 对上瘾,be accustomed (to) =be used (to) 习惯（于.)等等。动词的时态解题指导一. 根据题干中的时间标志词选择时态-The window is dirty. - I know. It hasnt been cleaned for weeks.（根据时间状语for weeks可知道用现在完成时，表示已经有好几周没擦窗了。并且主语It (即the window)与c

11、lean 是被动关系。）二. 根据主从句时态呼应的原则选择时态在根据时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点:在时间、条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时态表示一般将来时态,一般过去时态表示过去将来时态,用现在完成时态表示将来完成时态。 正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境。 解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则: 如果主句动词为现在时态,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态; 如果主句动词为过去时态,则从句动词须用合适的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时态)。They had been working on the program for al

12、most one week before I joined them, and now we are still working on it as no good results have come out so far. （从before引导的从句中的过去时态可知主句的时态应为过去完成时。now一词提示用现在进行时，表示“他们一直工作了一周”，强调动作的连续。）三. 根据具体的语言环境选择时态Now that she is out of job, Lucy has been considering going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet

13、. （根据所提供的情景but she hasnt decided yet 说明了Lucy 还在考虑这件事，要用现在完成进行时，表示动作还在继续。）四. 根据动词特性选择时态动词特性这里主要是指动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，是终止性动词还是延续性动词，以及某些动词的特殊用法，这直接关系到问题的答案-Do you like the material? -Yes. It feels very soft.（该题从表面上分析，it与feel 之间是被动关系，但是在这种情况下feel是系动词，既没有被动语态也没有进行时态。）时态和语态 编写人：张 燕1. More and more high school

14、 graduates from China are admitted to key universities overseas nowadays. (admit) 现在，越来越多来自中国的高中毕业生被国外大学录取。2. Our teacher told us that the earth travels around the sun. (travel)老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转。3. The number of people infected with HIV may reach 50 million by 2020 unless effective measures are taken _t

15、o prevent the spread of the disease. (measure)除非采取有效措施来遏制传播，到2020年梦，感染艾滋病的人数可能会达到5千万。4. She is now in Canada; it will be a year before we meet again, when she will be back on vacation. (meet)她现在在加拿大，要过一年我们才会相见，那时她会回来度假。5. Suddenly he fell and got hurt. (get) 突然他摔倒受伤了。6. The subject didnt come up in

16、the general meeting of shareholders until the workers threatened a strike. (come) 在股东常务大会上，直到工人们扬言要罢工，那个话题才被提出。7. The thief just missed being caught, so the police were discussing a new plan. (miss)没抓到那个贼，因此警察在讨论一个新计划。8. My uncle lived in Taiwan for 20 years. Now he has settled down in the mainland.

17、 (live)我的叔叔在台湾生活了20年，现在他已在大陆定居了。9. With the rapid development of science and technology, I cant imagine what my hometown will be/look like in ten years. (what)随着科技的迅速发展，我无法想象十年后我的家乡会是什么样子。10. If you dont go there, neither will I. (neither) 如果你不去那儿，我也不去。11. My friend Cathy is leaving for Beijing this

18、 afternoon, and will stay there for a couple of months. (leave) 我的朋友Cathy 今天下午动身去北京，而且将会在那儿呆几个月。12. Hurry up, the train leaves at twelve oclock, or you will be late. (leave)快点，火车12点开，否则你会迟到的。13. You are to be back before five oclock. (back) 你务必在5点钟之前回来。14. He asked us if we would go for a picnic the

19、 following day. (go)他问我们是否明天去野炊。15. The Smith couple was about to give up when a rescue team from the nearby town arrived. ( give)The Smith 夫妇正准备放弃，这时，来自附近镇上的一支救援队赶到了。16. E-commerce, or business done on the Internet, is becoming more and more popular as people discover the advantages of online shopp

20、ing. (popular)由于人们发现了网上购物的优势，网络电子商务正变得越来越普及。17. According to the school rule, any student who is caught cheating will be punished. (catch)根据学校的规章制度，任何被抓到作弊的学生将受到惩罚。18. When she stayed at home, she was always complaining about her hard work. (complain)当她在家的时候，她老是抱怨她的辛苦工作。19. The other day, they were

21、holding a party when they heard a loud noise from downstairs. (hold)前天当他们在举行聚会时突然听到楼下传来一个很大的响声。20. Dont call me at 10:00 tomorrow morning, I will be having a meeting at that time. （have）明天早上十点钟不要打我的电话，那时我在开会。21. As we have stressed/As has been stressed _many times, “serve the people” is our first po

22、licy. (stress) 正如我们多次强调的那样，为人民服务是我们的首要宗旨。22. Whatever one has planned/ Whatever has been planned is sure to change as one puts it into practice. (whatever) 任何计划好了的事在实践的过程中一定有变化。23. It is the first time that the EXPO has been held in a developing country. (hold)这是第一次世博会在发展中国家举行。24. So far no announce

23、ment has been made by the airport control center for the delayed flight . (announcement) 到目前为止，机场控制中心还没有就飞机延误发表任何声明。25. It is /has been ten years since she graduated from college. (be)她大学毕业已有一年了。26. The prices have been going up all the time and no one knows when it will become stable. (go)物价一直在上涨，没

24、人知道什么时候才会稳定。27. I suppose by the time I come back in ten years time these old houses will have been pulled down. (pull) 我想十年以后我回来时这些老房子都会被拆除了。28. Last night, John answered the letters that had arrived for him during the past two weeks. (arrive)昨晚，John 回复了他上两个星期里所收到的信。29. By last Friday his money had

25、 run out as a consequence of unemployment. (run)由于失业，到上个星期五为止，他的钱都用光了。30. Though I had intended to go abroad / intended to have gone abroad, I changed my mind and decided to staywith my family. (intend) 我原本打算出国的，但是我改变了主意，决定和我的家人呆在一起。31. If he had worked harder, he would have passed the exam. (work)如

26、果他学习更努力的话，他就已经通过了考试。32. Hardly had I entered the room when the light was on. (enter)我一进教室灯就亮了.33. She said that she had been hunting for a job, but it was really difficult to find a suitable one. (hunt)她说她一直在找一份工作，但是要找到一份合适的还真是很难。34. These apples taste good. (taste) 这些苹果尝起来不错。35. This kind if kite m

27、ade of silk doesnt tear easily, so dont worry about it. (tear)这种丝做的风筝不容易撕破，所以不要担心。36. These young seedlings will need looking after carefully / to be carefully looked after. (look)这些幼苗需要细心的照看。37. Harry Potter is well worth reading, appealing to millions of teens. (worth)哈利波特很值得一看，它吸引了上百万的青少年。38. As

28、was reported, the taxi driver as well as the three boys crossing the street was to blame for the traffic accident last night. (blame)正如报道的那样，应该为昨天晚上那起车祸负责的，既包括马路的三个男孩，也包括出租车司机。39. I found the car comfortable to ride in. (ride) 我觉得这种车很好坐。 40. He was occupied in writing letters last night. (occupy) 他昨

29、晚忙于写信。主谓一致 编写人：张 燕在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three Eng

30、lish books. / What I say and do is / are helpful to you.2、由连接词and或both and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。注意： 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come. 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a / an , many a / an修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟with, together with, except,

31、 but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都看作单数。注意： 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时， 其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is / are interesting. 若none o

32、f后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若后面的名词是复数，谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has / have been to America.5、在定语从句时中，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。 注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police

33、 are looking for the lost child.7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。注意： a number of“许多”修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“的数量”，谓语用单数。（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。1、what, who, which, an

34、y, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语看作一个整体时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，谓语动词常用单数形式。4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。6、一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works, means等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义

35、为单数名词，它们作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。7、trousers, glasses, clothes等作主语时，谓语用复数，但前面有a / the pair of等量词修饰时，谓语用单数。8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。表抽象概念或某个人/物时，用单数。（三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。1、当两个主语由either or, neither nor, whether or , not only but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由a

36、nd连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。3、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。主谓一致 编写人：张 燕1. The writer and translator is delivering a speech in front of a large number of audience in our school. (deliver) 那个作家兼翻译正在我们学校许多观众面前发表演讲。2. It is comments that he made on the event, rather than the performance of the athlete, that have

37、appealed to us. (appeal) 是他对那个项目的评论而不是运动员的表现吸引了我们。3. Every boy and every girl as well as the teachers who are to visit the museum is supposed to gather at the school on time . (suppose, gather)那些要去参观博物馆的男孩女孩以及老师们应该准时在学校门口集合。4. In fact, not only Mary and I but also Jane is tired of _having one exam a

38、fter another. (tired)事实上，不仅Mary和我，还有Jane,都厌倦了一场接一场的考试。5. Many a student has handed in their exercises, but there are still some who havent. (hand)很多学生已经上交了他们的练习，但是仍然有一些人没有交。6. Every means has been tried but without much result. (try) 每种方式都已被试过，但没什么结果。7. The group has doubled in size over the past fe

39、w years. (double)在过去的几年里，这个组织在规模上翻了一倍。8. The committee have been arguing over the problem among themselves for two hours. (argue)委员会的成员们已经争论那个问题两个小时了。9. The public are generous in their contributions to the earthquake victims. (generous)群众们都向地震灾民慷慨解囊。10. This pair of gloves doesnt look good . (look)

40、 这双手套不好看。11. Ten years is only/just a moment in the long history of human life. (moment)十年在人类生活的历史长河中只是一瞬间。12. Water pollution is a big problem and 20% of the people on earth have no access to / dont have access to clean drinking water. (access)水污染是个大问题，在地球上有百分之二十的人喝不到干净的饮用水。13. The number of foreig

41、n students attending Chinese universities has been rising steadily since 1997. (rise) 自从1997年以来，来中国上大学的外国学生的数量一直在稳步增长。14. Large quantities of information have been offered since the organization was built. (offer)这个组织自从成立以来，已提供了大量的信息。15. He was one of the boys who were praised. (praise) 他是受表扬的男孩之一。1

42、6. He was the only one of the boys who was praised. (praise) 他是男孩中唯一受到表扬的。17. All that can be done has been done. (do) 所有能做的都做了。18. Reading English papers and magazines is helpful to our study of English. (helpful)阅读英语报纸和杂志有助于我们的英语学习。19. When and where to build a new school has not been decided. (de

43、cide)什么时候在什么地方建一所新学校还未定下来。20. It is not what we say but what we do that matters. (matter)不是我们所说的而是我们所做的起作用。21. What he says and what he thinks have nothing to do with me. (have)他所说的和所想的与我没有任何关系。22. There is / are a desk, two beds and some chairs in the room. (be)房间里有一张桌子，两张床以及一些椅子。23. On the wall hang two maps. (hang) 墙上挂着两幅地图。