三级英语语法重点资料.doc

1、三级英语语法重点第一节 动词的时态 ：讲12种 特别关注：1、一般现在时的特殊用法；2、一般过去时；3、过去进行时4、现在完成时5、过去完成时；6、将来完成时；7、现在完成进行完成时；8、过去完成进行时。一、一般现在式：特殊用法： 在时间状语、条件状语从句(if, unless)中表示将来的动作:A时间状语(before, after, untill, as soon as, when)：They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they _finish_their exams.When the mixture _is heated ,

2、it will give off a powerful force.34.”When are you going to visit your uncle in Chicago?” “As soon as D.we complete our work for tomorrow.” (03/11试A)B条件状语(if, unless)：Well go fishing if weather is good tomorrow.D。改为is free。when引导的时间状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。2000年试题AI cant go to your birthday party unless my

3、father agrees. 除非我爸爸同意,否则我去不了你的生日会二、一般过去时： (要掌握常用不规则动词的过去式及过去分词形式,40个左右)1、简单陈述去过的动作或状态：would do 2、used to do sth 过去常常做(现在不做了); be used to doing 习惯于做(现在还在做)We used to swim in the river when we were in the countryside.我们过去常在河里游泳。(现在不了)The old man is used to getting up early in the morning. 老人习惯早起3、It

4、is time since +从句引导的时间状语从句中, since后谓语动词用一般过去时(自从以来) 54. No one can possibly recall any detail about the meeting. It is at least five years since it C. took place . 02年A卷三、一般将来时1、will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。例：Are you going t

5、o attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗？3、be to +动词原形： 强调按安排或计划命令要求命中注定的动作The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day. 三环路将在国庆节前通车。 You are to do your homework. 你必须先做作业Your plan is to fail. 你的计划注定失败4、用某些动词的现在进行时表达根据计划、安排而将于近期（将来）发生的事情，代表动词：go ,come, start, stop, arrive， leave， play等We

6、are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。5、一般现在时表示将来（见前一、一般现在时）四、现在进行时1、表示说话时（现阶段）正在进行的动作。 The teacher is talking with his students. 这位老师正在同他的学生交谈 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。 I am attending a conference in Beijing. 我正在北京参加一个会议。2、表示经常或反复发生的动作，但往往带有欣赏、厌恶等的感情色彩He is always thinking of others first. 他总是

7、先为别人着想。(欣赏)Why are you always leaving things behind. 你怎么总是丢三落四的(厌恶)3、描述某人一时的表现，通常用动词be 的进行时态 She is being friendly today. 她今天很友善。（平时不这样）五、过去进行时 was/were doing 表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。 I fell and hurt myself while I _ A. was playing_ tennis. （98年43题）重点：when 和while 的区别when 表示时间上的点，引导

8、的句子用一般过去时 while 表示持续的一段时间，引导的句子用过去进行时六、现在完成时 have/has done(过去分词)1、表示过去到现在这段时间完成完成并对现在有影响的动作或状态， 常和just, already, so far, yet, up to now, up to the present, recently, lately, in the past few years 连用。 I have seeen the film. 我看过这个电影。(我了解电影的内容)2、表示过去开始一直延续到现在的动作、状态、经历或习惯等，通常和延续性动词连用： stay, study, live,

9、 to be, teach, work , 常用since， even since引导的短语或从句，或由for 引导的短语连用。He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿已经三十年了（现在还住在这儿） Have you even been to Tibet? 你去过西藏吗？ C。应改为 have had difficulty 。因为ever since 引导句子的时候，从句用过去时， 主句要用现在完成时。(2001年试题)3、固定句式：it is the first/second/last time that +延续性动词过去完成时 It is the firs

10、t time that I have met Jane. 那是我第一次见到简。（2）It is 3 years since I left Shanghai .我离开上海已经三年了。4、现在完成时和一般过去时 Jone has lived Landon for 10 years. 现在还住 Jone lived Landon for 10 years. 曾经住，现在不在了七、过去完成时 had done1、表示在过去的某一时刻或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。可用by, uptill, before, after, when等介词或连词引导的短语或从句表示。 When I arrive

11、d he had left. 我到那他刚走 40、When I went to visit Mrs.Smith last week, I was told she D. had left tow days before. (0311试A) 2、没有时间状语时，时间先后收上下文表示： I didnt know he had moved out. 我不知道他已经搬家了3、特殊用法：（1）和before连用，表示“还没来得及就“ She wept before I had realized what was happening. 我还没明白怎么回事之前她就哭了 （2）It was the first

12、/second/last time that + 过去完成时 It was the first time (that) they had tried foreign food. 这是他们第一次吃西餐。4、常用在no sooner than, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen，一就。句型之中，句子到装。 I had no sooner returned than he called.八、将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间以前已完成或发生的动作 By the end of next month, he will have been here for 10 years. 到下个月为止

13、，他在这住了10年了24、I _D.shall have finished _ writing the article by the time you get. (00)30. By next year he A. has worked in New York for five years. (0411A)九、现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的动作 have/has been doing We have been waiting for you for an hour. 我们等了你一小时了。( 动作到此为止，不持续下去) I have been learning English f

14、or 10 years. 我学英语10年了。(还要继续学下去)十、过去将来时：表示相对于过去的将来，多见于间接引语 出现在阅读或完型中 形式： would do 或 was/were going to do He said that he would watch his car the next day. 他说明天要洗车。 He said that he was going to watch his car the next day. 十一、过去完成进行时：表示过去某一时刻以前一直延续的的动作 had been doing They had been waiting for an hour b

15、efore the bus came. 64. Even though Sedat has been studying English for three years before came to the United States , It is still difficult for him to expresshimself. (0304A) B. has been 改为 had been十二、将来完成进行时：表示将来某一时刻以前一直进行的动作。 By next month he will have been working in out factory for 30 years. 到下

16、个月他在我们工厂工作30年了。 41. By the time you arrive this evening, D. I will have been studying for two house. (0411A)第二节 被动语态 to do sth. 一般集中在挑错题中特别关注：不定式的被动式，由主动变被动时to的特殊处理相关知识：A、及物动词和不及物动词 及物动词：后面可直接加宾语(名词、动名词、人称代词的宾格、数词) 不及物动词：后面不可直接加宾语，介词宾语 有些动词在不同的句子中既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词。water49. These part-time students ex

17、pect to to offer some jobs on campus during the coming summer vacation. (0404A)答：A，改为to be offed。 offer为及物动词，后面必须有宾语，若后面宾语，应是被动句B、行为动词与系动词 行为动词：表示实际动作，包括表示思维活动的词: want, think等 系动词：表示主语的性质、状态和特征，be动词、可放在形容词前的某些动词：get、run、turn、smell等一、何种情况下可使用被动语态：1，强调动作的接受者。The kitchen is shared by the three of us. 厨

18、房是我们三人用。Football is played over of the world. 世界各地都踢足球。2，不知道或没必要说明的执行者是谁。 The data have been computerized for two years now. 这些数据已经由计算处理两年了。 These books are written for children. 这些书是儿童读物3，出于礼貌、措辞婉转等原因不方便、不愿意说明动作的执行者。 I was told that you are very lazy. 我听人说你很懒。 The car was damaged. 车撞坏了。4，避免变换主语，以求行

19、文流畅。 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applaused by the audience. 他出现在舞台上时，观众的热烈鼓掌。二、使用被动高不成低不就需要注意的问题1，不定式的被动式 to be done 当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式表示的动作的接受者, 用被动式He asked to be sent to work in Tibet. 他要求派去西藏工作I want to do some shopping tomorrow. Its an honour for me to be invited to speak here today. 很

20、荣幸被邀请Are you going to the meeting to be held at 6:00? 你要参加6点的会吗？22. The famous novel is said _ C. to have been translated _ into Chinese.本句是动词不定式的完成、被动式。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式表示的动作的对象时（或是动作的承受者时），不定式一般要用被动式。不定式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作或状态之前。如：He is not likely to have been told the result.这个结果可能还没有告诉他。 2000年17. We sh

21、all ask for samples A and then we can make our decision. (0311)A. to be sent B. being sent C. to set D. to have been sent18. The forest fire caused by the volcano is difficult to be C . (0311)A. put off B. put away C. put out D. put up34. The question C at the meeting tomorrow is very important. (04

22、11)A. to discuss B. being discussed C. to be discussed D. will be discussed2，某些动词由主动变被动时不定式符号”to”的处理 7个感观动词see, watch, observe, notice, listen to, hear,fell; 3个使役动词let, have让, make 56. The teacher has his students _ a composition every other week. (2000) A. to writeB. writtenC. writingD. writeD。have

23、 sb do sth 让某人做某事。have此处为使役动词，后面接宾补的时候省to58. The middle-aged man was seen _ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.A. cameB. comeC. to comeD. have comeC。感官动词feel，hear，see，watch等后面接宾补的时候，要用无to不定式。但如果句子是主语的补足语的话，要加上to。 (2000)3，短语动词的被动语态。动词后面接一个介词或副词构成短语，将其看成一个及物动词。The children are well looked

24、 after. 这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。(介)The meeting has been put off till next week. 会议被推迟到下周。(副)注意：不是所有短的语动词都有被动语态，判断：相连的介词或副词不能折开4，带情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+过去分词。 Bad things sometimes can be turned into good ones. 坏事有时可变好事5，被动语态后可接从句或W不定式He was told that his father was sick. 他被告知他父亲病了A assistant of the shop was asked wh

25、ere to find the manager.6，特殊句型 be said/reported to have done 据说/据报道22. The famous novel is said _ into Chinese.A. to have translatedB. to be translateC. to have been translatedD. to translate答C。本句是动词不定式的完成、被动式。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式表示的动作的对象时（或是动作的承受者时），不定式一般要用被动式。不定式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作或状态之前。如：He is not likely

26、to have been told the result.这个结果可能还没有告诉他。 (2000)7，get + 动词过去分词构成被动语态， 多用于口语或非正式书面语中 He had some pictures taken in the park. 他在公园里照了几张像。(别人给他照的48. I have taken many photos. Im going to get the film _.A. being developedB. developingC. developedD. to be developed 答：C。过去分词在动词have, get两词后面作宾补时,常常表示这个动作不

27、是由主语完成的,而是由别人完成的。 (2001)第三节 情态动词情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度,无人称变化,在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法。一、must + have done 表示对过去发生的事情的有把握的猜测。58、I believe he _ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time. (D,01)A. would have hadB. could have had C. should have hadD. must have had47. Something

28、must have happened on their way here. Or they _by now. (02)A. should have arrivedB. should arriveC. would have arrivedD. would arrive 答：C。第一句是must+have +过去分词的结构，表示对过去事实的推测。The road is wet. It must have rained last night.路是湿的，昨晚上肯定下雨了。因此我们可以推断：这是一个和过去的事实相反的虚拟语气。should +have +过去分词的结构，表示对过去动作的责备、批评。如：Y

29、ou should have gone over your lessons.你应当把功课复习好的。但是此句只是一个表示和过去的事实相反的虚拟句子，并没有责备的意思。本句意思：路上肯定出事了,否则他们现在已经到了。因此正确答案应是C.35. Since this road is wet and slippery this morning, it last night. (C,0411)A. must rain B. was raining C. must have rained D. may rainmay + have done 对过去发生的事情的较有把握的猜测，“也许“22. I cant

30、find the recorder in the room. It C may have been taken by somebody. ( 0311) 二、should (ought to) + have done 含有对过去的动作的责备、批评意思 肯定表示应该做的事情而没有做26、Im sorry I couldnt get in touch with him before he left, I _ him earlier. (2000)A. had a telephone B. have phoned C. should have phoned D. should be phoned36

31、、You ought to B to have reported the matter to the manager the day before yesterday. 否定式表示不该做的事情做了 They should not have left so soon. 他们不应该这么早就走的 She was very unhappy. You ought not to have hurt her feeling. 她当时够难受了你不应该再伤害她三、would (not) have done 表示过去没有完成的动作，多和虚拟语气连用，不含批评意思45. Mary said to me, “Had

32、I seen your bag, I it to you.” (D,0404)A. will return B. must return C. could return D. would have returned四、could + have done 表示过去存在的某种可能性，但这种可能性由于客观条件限制没能实现。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。You could have made a more detailed plan. 你本可以做出更详尽的计划。 He could have joined us, but he didnt get our invitation in time

33、.他本来能够参加我们的，但是他没有收到我们的请贴。第四节 虚拟语气 (每次考试一般占45分)所表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小，称为虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：假设类型 条件从句动词的时态 结果主句的动词的时态与现在事实相反 if + 过去式(be只用were不用was) would/should/might/could + 动词原型与过去事实相反 if had + 去过分词 would/should/might/could + have + 过去分词与将来事实可能相反 if were to + 动词原形if should + 动词原形 woul

34、d/should/might/could + 动词原型一、在条件句中的应用： If he had time, he would come. 如果有时间，他一定来。(已经过去)A. 现在事实 I would certainly go if I had time. 如果我有时间当然去。 If he were here, he might help you. 如果他在这也许帮能你。1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _ him. (C, 95年)A. had known B. have known C. knew D. knowB. 过去事实

35、 59、If Bob_ with us, he would have had a good time. (C, 95年)A. would come B. would have come C. had come D. cameC. 将来事实 we would state at home if it should rain tomorrow. If I were to do the examination I would it some other way.注意条件从句中，如果含有be动词、助动词、情态动词, had, should或动词to have，可省略if，要倒装，即把这些词放到主语前面。

36、1. _ you were busy, I wouldnt have bothered you with my questions. (B, 96年)A. If I realizedB. Had I realizedC. Did I have realized thatD. As I realized57. Had the weather been good, the children _ out for a walk. (2001)A. had gone B. could have goneC. would go D. went 答：B。当虚拟语气中含有were, had, should,

37、would等词时， 可以省略if, 把这些词放在主语之前。Should I meet her, I would tell her.万一我见到他， 我会告诉他的。Were I in your position, I would do it better.如果我处在你的位置上， 我会做的更好。Had they made preparations, they would have succeeded.如果他们准备了的话， 他们应该能成功的。本句为和过去的事实相反的虚拟语气，因此选B。32. the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered s

38、uch a heavy loss in his business. (D, 0404) A. If he took B. If he should take C. Were he to take D. Had he taken 条件从句有时可以用介词短语代替。有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，but for。We couldnt have achieved so much without your help. 要不是你们帮忙我们不会取得这么大的成绩36. But for my classmates help, I th

39、e work in time. (D, 0404)A. did not finish B. could not finish C. will not finish D. would not have finished32. Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth well. (A, 0411)A. would not grow B. will not grow C. had not grown D. would not be grown 条件从句有时可以用介词短语代替。有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄

40、条件句。常用with，without，but for。We couldnt have achieved so much without your help. 要不是你们帮忙我们不会取得这么大的成绩36. But for my classmates help, I the work in time. (D, 0404)A. did not finish B. could not finish C. will not finish D. would not have finished32. Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth well. (A, 0411)A. would not grow B. will not grow C. had not grown D. would not be grown二、以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句，虚拟语气中时态类似在非真实条件从句中时态的应用时态后移, 引导从句的that可以省略表示现在或将来的愿望相反的用过去时：主语wish 从句(过去时) were I wish (that) I were as young as you. 我真希望和你们