中英语with复合结构与独立主格结构讲解.doc

1、中英语with复合结构与独立主格结构讲解字体大小：大中小晓 晓 发表于 2011-11-07 23:12 评论0条 阅读497次 不少学生对with结构的用法比较复杂，不少英语学习者总感觉不甚清楚，现将一介词with、二with复合结构、三独立主格结构、四动词独立主格结构、五with/without 引导的独立主格结构总结如下。with结构也称为with复合结构，首先要与介词with的用法区别开来。先让我们全面了解介词with的用法。一、介词with的用法with prep.其主要词义包括“有, 以, 用, 同.,由于, 和.一致, 赞成, 关于.” 等21种词义。1. the company

2、 of; accompanying:和，陪伴：在陪伴下；随同：2.Did you go with her?你跟她一起去吗?Next to; alongside of:在旁边，同在一起：stood with the rabbi; sat with the family.与教士站在一起，与家人坐在一块儿3.Having as a possession, an attribute, or a characteristic:带着，带来：作为所有物、属性或特点具有：arrived with bad news; a man with a moustache.带来坏消息；留络腮胡子的男人4.In a man

3、ner characterized by:以方式：performed with skill; spoke with enthusiasm.很有技巧地表演；热情地说话5.In the performance, use, or operation of:使用：在的表现、使用或运行中：had trouble with the car.汽车出了毛病6.In the charge or keeping of:负责，照料：left the cat with the neighbors.把猫托邻居照顾7.In the opinion or estimation of:以的观点或估计：if its all r

4、ight with you.如果你没异议的话8.In support of; on the side of:支持，赞同：Im with anyone who wants to help the homeless.我支持任何想帮助流浪汉的人7.Of the same opinion or belief as:和一致：与有相同观点或信仰：He is with us on that issue.在那个议题上他和我们观点一致8.By the means or agency of:用：通过的方式或媒介：eat with a fork; made us laugh with his jokes.用叉子吃饭

5、；以他的笑话引我们发笑9. In spite of:尽管：With all her experience, she could not get a job.尽管很有经验，她还是找不到工作10. In the same direction as:与同向：sail with the wind; flow with the river.顺风起帆；顺河而流11. At the same time as:与同时：gets up with the birds.与鸟儿同时起床12. In regard to:关于，对于：We are pleased with her decision. They are d

6、isgusted with the situations.她这样决定，我们很高兴；他们对现状很厌恶13. Used as a function word to indicate a party to an action, a communicative activity, or an informal agreement or settlement:和：用作功能词表示某个动作、交流活动或非正式协议或决定的一方：played with the dog; had a talk with the class; lives with an aunt.与狗玩；和班上的同学谈一谈；与姑母住在一起14. I

7、n comparison or contrast to:与相比；与对照：a dress identical with the one her sister just bought.和她姐姐刚买衣服同一款式15. Having received:收到，获得：With her permission, he left. I escaped with just a few bruises.获得她允许后，他离开了。我逃跑时只受了一些擦伤16. And; plus:和；加上：My books, with my brothers, make a sizable library. 我的书加上的弟弟的书能够办成

8、一个不小的图书馆了.17. Inclusive of; including:包括：It comes to $29.95 with postage and handling.包括邮资和手续费总共是29.95美元18. In opposition to; against:反对；对抗：wrestling with an opponent.与对手摔跤19. As a result or consequence of:结果，后果：trembling with fear; sick with the flu.害怕的发抖；感染了流行性感冒20. So as to be free of or separate

9、d from:分离，离开：为脱离，为与分开：parted with her husband.与她丈夫分手21. In the course of:在的过程中：We grow older with the hours.我们随时光流逝而长大二、with复合结构with复合结构是由with+复合宾语组成，常在句中做状语，表示谓语动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等。其构成有下列几种情形：1 with + 名词 (或代词) + 现在分词，此时，现在分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系。例如:With prices going up so fast, we cant afford luxuries

10、. 由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起高档商品。（原因状语）With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到皇宫。（伴随情况）2 with + 名词 (或代词) + 过去分词，此时，过去分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。例如:I sat in my room for a few minutes with my eyes fixed on the ceiling. 我在房间坐了一会儿，眼睛盯着天花板。（伴随情况）She had to walk home with her bike stolen. 自行车被偷，

11、她只好步行回家。（原因状语）3 with + 名词 (或代词) + 动词不定式，此时，不定式表示将发生的动作。例如:With no one to talk to, John felt miserable. 由于没人可以说话的人，约翰感到很悲哀。（原因状语）With a lot of work to do, he wasnt allowed to go out. 因为还有很多工作要做，他没有被允许外出。（原因状语）4 with + 名词 (或代词) + 形容词I like to sleep with the windows open. 我喜欢把窗户开着睡觉。（伴随情况）With the weat

12、her so close and stuffy, ten to one itll rain presently. 大气这样闷，十之八九要下雨。（原因状语）5 with + 名词 (或代词) + 介词短语With the children at school, we cant take our vacation when we want to. 由于孩子们在上学，所以当我们想度假时而不能去度假。（原因状语）The soldier had him stand with his back to his father. 士兵让他背朝着他的父亲站在那儿。（行为方式）6 with + 名词 (或代词) +

13、 副词He fell asleep with the light on. 他睡着了，灯还亮着。（伴随情况）The boy stood there with his head down. 这个男孩低头站在那儿。（伴随情况）请见下面的高考试题中出现的几个相关句子：1 The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.2 And thousands of terrified watchers stared with their hearts beating fast.3 With nothing to burn, the

14、 fire became weak and finally died out. 4 With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.with复合结构与独立主格练习1：请选择最佳答案 1）With nothing_to burn，the fire became weak and finally died out. A.leaving B.left C.leave D.to leave 2）The girl sat there quite silent and still with her eyes_on

15、the wall. A.fixing B.fixed C.to be fixing D.to be fixed 3）I live in the house with its door_to the south.（这里with结构作定语） A.facing B.faces C.faced D.being faced 4）They pretended to be working hard all night with their lights_. A.burn B.burnt C.burning D.to burn 练习2：用with复合结构完成下列句子 1）_（有很多工作要做），I couldn

16、t go to see the doctor. 2）She sat_（低着头）。 3）The day was bright_.（微风吹拂） 4）_，（心存梦想）he went to Hollywood. 答案及分析 答案（练习1）： 1）答案是B.with的宾语nothing和动词leave是被动关系，所以用过去分词形式作宾语补足语。 2）答案是B.短语fix ones eyes on sth是“盯着看”的意思，所以句中her eyes和动词fix是被动关系，所以用过去分词。 3）答案是A.face“朝、向”，是不及物动词，所以和its door是主动关系，所以用现在分词形式。 4）答案是C.

17、burn“点燃、发亮、发光”，是不及物动词，所以和their lights是主动关系，所以用现在分词。 答案（练习2）： 1）With a lot of work to do 2）with her head bent 3）with a fresh breeze blowing 4）With a dream in heart 1Ford tried dividing the labor，each worker _ a separate task Aassigning Bassigned Cwas assigned Dwould be assigned 2The lecture_，he left

18、his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker Abegan Bbeginning Chaving begun Dbeing beginning 3Such _ the case ，there are no grounds to justify your complaints Abeing Bis Cwas Dto be 4Darkness _ in，the young people lingered on merrymaking Aset Bsetting Chas set D

19、was set 5With all factors_，we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal Abeing considered Bconsidering Cconsidered Dare considered 6A new technique_，the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent Ato have been worked out Bhaving worked out Cworking out Dhaving been worked out

20、7On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still，ears_，alert，listening Apointed Bpointing Care pointed Dare pointing 8Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office ，but our work _，we declined the offer Anot being finished Bnot having finished Chad not been finished Dwas not

21、finished 9There are various kinds of metals ，each _ its own properties Ahas Bhad Cto have Dhaving 10The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports，each _ one major point in contrast with the other Amakes Bmade Cis to make Dmaking 11. BBC English broadcasts programmes for China _

22、explanation in Chinese. A. in B. for C. with D. as 12. The young woman _ a baby sleeping in her arms was wandering in the street. A. with B. because C. on D. like 13. Everyone should go to sleep with the light turned off. A. as B. with C. for D. on 14. _ so much homework to do, Mary wont have time t

23、o play with her friends this morning. A. Without B. With C. By D. Because 15. _ the door open, the noise of the machines is almost deafening. A. Because B. As C. With D. Because of 16. _ his mother out, he had to stay at home alone. A. As B. For C. Because D. With 17. _ all things considered, her pr

24、oposal is of greater than his A. Like B. With C. On D. Without 18. _ time permitting, we will visit the SummerPalace. A. By B. On C. With D. As 19. With nothing_to burn，the fire became weak and finally died out. A. leaving B. leftC. leave D. to leave 20. The girl sat there quite silent and still wit

25、h her eyes_on the wall. A. fixing B. fixedC. to be fixing D. to be fixed 答案 练习1：1-5 BCABC 6-10 DAADD 11-15 CABBC 16 -22 DBCBBAC 四、独立主格结构什么是独立主格结构？它是指与主语之间无任何语法关系的名词或代词加上一个分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语构成的结构。它不修饰单个的词，而修饰整个句子。独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位。它构成一个单独实体，在句中作状语，并具有如下两种功能：(1) 解释原因或情景 (2) 提供主句中重点部分的相关细节。非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻

26、辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。一）非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。1不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。例如：1）I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year. (2005湖南)A. follows B. foll

27、owed C. to follow D. being followed选C。此题考查“名词+不定式”构成独立主格结构，在句中作状语，表示动作未完成，其中the rest 与follow存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。此句可以改为：I send you 100 dollars today, and the rest is to follow in a year.2-ing形式“独立主格结构”1）表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句When ev

28、eryone was ready)The chairman began the meeting, everyone being seated.每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）2）表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him

29、, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him）3）含有being的独立主格结构。It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事

30、可讨论，我们都回家了。= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.4）表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）5）表示方式

31、的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky

32、）3. 不用“独立主格结构”的情况动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时，逻辑主语通常省去。例如：1） _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (2004北京)A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited选C。此题考查动词的-ing形式作时间状语，因为逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致，所以逻辑主语Tom省去了。此题可以改为：After Tom had wait

33、ed in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.2） _the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.(2004广东) A. Not completing B. Not completedC. Not having completed D. Having not completed选C。此题考查动词的-ing形式作原因状语，因为逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致，所以逻辑主语they省去了，

34、根据动作的先后关系，因为先没有完成，所以不得不再呆2周，故用完成时态。此题可以改为：Because they have not completed the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.4-ed形式“独立主格结构”与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. （独立主格结构在句中作原因状语）

35、 = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. （独立主格结构在句中作方式状语）= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。The tas

36、k completed,he had two months leave. （独立主格结构在句中作时间状语）=When the task had been completed,he had two months leave.任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。5. 不用-ed形式“独立主格结构”的情况动词的-ed形式作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时，逻辑主语通常省去。例如：1_in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET 1996)A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lo

37、se选C。此题考查过去分词作原因状语，而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he，逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为：Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.2. _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (2000spring)A. Given B. TO give C. Giving D. Having given选A。此题考查过去分词作条件状语，而其逻辑主

38、语与句子的主语一致都是him，逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为：If he is given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.3 _ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. (2003北京)A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given D选D。此题也是考查过去分词作条件状语，而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he，逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为：If he is gi

39、ven time, hell make a first-class tennis player.4. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _ (2004 上海春季)A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted选B。此题也是考查过去分词作结果状语，而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是Richard Jones，逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为两个并列句：After his journey from abroad, Richard Jon

40、es returned home,and he was exhausted 。5._ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. ( 2006全国（1、2）)A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising选B. 此题也是考查过去分词作状语，而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是Tony，逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为两个并列句：Tony was surprised and happy, and he stood up and accepted the prize.比

41、较：动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）The food being cooked, the boy was wa

42、tching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）五、动词独立主格结构一） “逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。1逻辑主语+名词Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，

43、年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being）注意：独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。2逻辑主语+形容词He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eye

44、s和sleepy之间省去了being）= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. He stood there, his mouth wide open.他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his mouth和wide open之间省去了being）= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.3逻辑主语+副词School over, we all went home.放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being）= School was over, and we all went hom

45、e.He sat at his desk, his shoes off.他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（his shoes和off之间省去了being）= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.4逻辑主语+介词短语He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。= He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.The new teacher came i

46、n, a smile on her face.新老师面带微笑走了进来。= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand.老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。= The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.提示：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。The music teacher stood at th

47、e door, violin in hand.音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）六、 with/without 引导的独立主格结构介词with/without +宾语+宾语补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。一） with+名词代词+形容词He does not like to sleep with the windows open.他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。= He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet