仁爱版英语八年级下全册语法精讲.docx

1、仁爱英语八年级下全册语法精讲连系动词的种类及其基本用法一、连系动词的种类。连系动词也叫系动词，是表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词。它本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟表语，构成系表结构来说明主语的状况、性质、特征等。主要有：be, become, get,turn,grow, look, feel, seem, sound, taste, smell, appear等。常见的连系动词可分为五种。1. 状态系动词：只有be一词。I am used to going about alone.我习惯于独来独往。2. 持续系动词：表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain

2、,stay, rest, lie, stand。I hope youll stay healthy.我希望你身体好。He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。The door remained closed. 门仍然关着。3.表像系动词：表示“看起来好像”，主要有seem, appear, look等。He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) quite happy.他好像很快活。He appeared quite well.他显得身体相当好。4. 感官系动词：表示“起来”，有feel (摸起来，感觉) , sm

3、ell (闻起来) ,sound (听起来) , taste (尝起来，吃起来) 等。This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布摸起来很软。They looked very tired. 他们看起来很累。It sounds a good idea.这听起来是个好主意。This food tastes good.这食物尝起来不错。5.变化系动词：表示主语变成什么样，即表示从一种状态变为另一种状态。主要有become,grow, turn, fall,get, go, come, run。He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。She

4、 has grown thinner and thinner.她越来越瘦了。When she saw this, she turned red.她看到这，脸红了。Several people fell ill after eating unhealthy food. 几个人吃了不卫生的食物后生病了。She went pale at the news.听到这消息，她的脸色变得苍白。二、连系动词的基本用法。1. 连系动词后通常可接形容词作表语，一般不接副词。他的英语似乎很好。误：His English seemsvery well.正：His English seemsvery good.但是，有

5、时连系动词后也可接副词作表语，不过这主要限于in, on, off, out,away, up, down, over, around, inside,outside等少数副词以及here, there,upstairs, downstairs等少数表示地点或方位的副词。Mother wasnt in last night.母亲昨晚不在家。The meeting was over at five.会议五点结束。Mother is downstairs waiting for you.母亲在楼下等你。2. 关于连系动词后接不定式：(1) 连系动词 be 后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语：My d

6、ream is to be a scientist. 我的梦想是当一名科学家。(2) seem, appear, get, grow, come等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是to be)作表语：She always seems to be sad.她常常显得很忧伤。She appears to have many friends.她好像有很多朋友。【注意】若所接不定式为to be，通常可以省略。不过，若其后接的是表语形容词，则to be 通常不宜省略。Unit 5-topic2原因状语从句原因状语从句表示主句所发生的原因或理由。通常由because, as, since等词引导。e.g. B

7、ecause I lost my cellphone, I didnt call you yesterday.因为我手机丢了，所以昨天没有给你打电话。We chose Calvert to lead us as he said he knew the way.我们选择让卡尔弗特带我们走，因为他说他认识路。Since you are so young, you should be modest.既然你这么年轻，就应该谦虚一点。以上例子都是原因状语从句，但从从属连词方面来说，它们有区别。1.because语气最强，用于回答why的提问，从句可放于句首，也可放句尾，想强调什么，就把什么放在句首。He

8、 didnt come to school because he was ill. 他没去上学，是因为他病了。Because they asked me to do it, I did it.因为他们要我做，所以我做了。2. as 和since 语气较弱，用来表示非常明显的原因或者对方已经了解的原因，引导的从句一般要放在句首。As he knew nothing about the matter, he kept quiet during the meeting.因为他对此事一无所知，所以在会上什么也没说。Since we have no money, we cant buy it.既然我们没

9、有钱， 就不能买它。3. for表示的原因不是直接原因，而是多种情况的推测，是一种补充说明，因此for引导的分句一般不放在句首，属并列句。He wore more clothes, for it was cold.因为天气很冷，他多穿了些衣服。He was blamed for being late again.他因再次迟到而受到责备。副词或形容词的同级比较大多数形容词或副词有比较等级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。形容词副词的同级比较结构:1.肯定句的句式结构。A + be + as+形容词/副词原级+as+B: 表示A、B两者比较程度相同，即“A和B一样”。This

10、 film is as interesting as that one.这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。Diana sings as sweetly as her sister.戴安娜唱得和她姐姐一样甜美。2.否定句的句式结构。A+ be+not +as/so+形容词/副词原级+as+B: 表示A、B两者程度不同，即“A不如B那么”。Spring is not as/so cold as winter.春天不像冬天那么冷。She didnt sing so/as well that night as she usuallydoes.那天晚上她没有平常唱得那么好。3. 表示倍数，如“一半/两倍/三倍

11、/四倍/”相当于“half/twice/threetimes/four times/ . + as 形容词或副词原级+as .”结构。The room is twice as large as that one.这个房间是那个房间的两倍大。The plane flew ten times as high as the kite.那架飞机的飞行高度是那只风筝的十倍。Unit 6-topic1动词不定式一、 动词不定式含义动词不定式其构成形式为“to+动词原形”，to为动词不定式的符号，本身没有词义，有时还可以省略，但还保留着动词的若干特征。动词不定式可以连同它的附属成分一起组成不定式短语。因此，

12、动词不定式具有三大特点：1.没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能单独作谓语；2.动词不定式仍保留动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语；3.动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。二、 动词不定式的用法1. 动词不定式作主语一般表示具体的某次动作。To learn a language well isnt an easy thing. 学会一门语言不是一件容易的事情。【注意】动词不定式作主语时，可以用先行词it作形式主语，而将不定式真正的主语置于后面。To do more exercise is very necessary every da

13、y. = It Its verynecessary to do more exercise every day. 每天多做运动是很有必要的。【拓展】 Its + adj.+ ( for/ of sb.) + to do sth.Its impossiblefor us to finish the heavy task in such a short time. 我们在这么短的时间里完成这么繁重的任务是不可能的。Its verynice of you to get me two tickets for the World Cup. 谢谢你为我搞到两张世界杯的门票。【温馨提示】如果句子中作表语的形

14、容词表示事物的性质，如important, necessary, possible,easy, difficult, hard,heavy等，用for引出；如果句中的形容词表示人的特征、品德或意愿,如 kind,honest, careless, lazy, stupid, clever, foolish,polite, bad等，则用of 引出。2. Its+名词（或名词短语）(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasantthing, ones duty,an honor, a shame, a good place, no easy job .)+ to do sth.It

15、s a pityto miss the early bus.惋惜的是错过了早班车。Its ourduty to clean the classroom every day. 每天打扫教室是我们的义务。3. 动词不定式作表语。动词不定式常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词。如wish,dream, idea, task, purpose, duty, job等。My dream is to become a pilot in the future. 我的梦想就是将来当一名飞行员。The most difficult thing in life is to know yoursel

16、f. 人生最难是自知。4. 动词不定式作宾语。能跟动词不定式作宾语的动词有：afford, agree, ask,begin, choose, decide, expect, fail, hope, hate, learn,like, manage,mean, offer, plan, prepare, promise, refuse, want等如：We agree to go to Beijing by plane.我们答应乘飞机去北京。I try to keep that in mind.我努力记住这一点。【温馨提示】用作宾语的不定式后面如有补语，可用it作形式宾语，把不定式放到句子的后

17、部。在这种用法中,常见的动词有find,think, feel, make, consider, believe等。I found it very difficult to fall asleep in the noisyroom. 我觉得在这个吵闹的房间里睡觉很困难。I think it important to learn English well in college. 我认为在大学学好英语很重要。5. 动词不定式作宾语补足语。不定式作宾语补足语时,跟在某些及物动词的宾语之后，对宾语作进一步的补充说明，并与该宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这类及物动词常见的有：advise, allow, a

18、sk,beg, cause, consider, encourage, feel, force, find, hear,invite, let,make, mean, notice, order, require, teach, tell, watch,warn, watch等。Mr. Li often teaches his Japanese friends to cook Chinese food. 李先生经常教他的日本朋友做中国食物。He invited me to have dinner with him.他邀请我与他一起共进晚餐。【温馨提示】在某些使役动词后，如 make, let,

19、 have等和表示感觉的动词，如 see, watch, notice, hear,feel等，作宾语补足语的不定式须不带o。His parents make him do too much homework every day.他的父母让他每天做大量作业。I saw Miss Green walk into the classroom just now. 我刚才看见格林老师走进教室了。6. 动词不定式作状语。不定式用作状语主要表示目的、结果和原因，也可以表示条件、方式或比较。(1) 用作目的状语He went to see his teacher this morning.今天上午他去看望他

20、的老师了。(2) 用作结果状语The police searched the room to find nothing. 警察搜查这个房间，什么也没有找到。The ice is thick enough to walk on.冰很厚，能够在上面行走。(3) 用作原因状语Im sorryto hear your mother is ill.听到你妈妈生病了我很难过。7.动词不定式作定语。常位于被修饰的名词(短语)之后，说明被修饰词的特征。Can you come up with a good way to deal with this problem? 你们能想出处理这个问题的好办法吗？8. 动

21、词不定式可以和疑问代词who, what, which及疑问副词when, how, where等连用，构成不定式短语，在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等。I dont knowwhat to say. 我不知道说什么Can you tell me how to make a paper boat？你能告诉我怎样做一只纸船吗？9. 动词不定式的否定形式。不定式的否定式通常是将否定词not或never置于不定式之前，即构成not to do 或never to do 。He told me not to open the door.他让我别开门。Take care not to break the g

22、lass.小心别把玻璃杯打碎了。I promise never to smoke again.我保证再也不抽烟了。【注意】不带to的不定式就直接在动词原形前面加上not。如：The teacher made us not play computer games in class. 老师让我们不要在课堂上玩游戏。Unit 6-topic2时间状语从句在复合句中，由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句。时间状语从句通常由when, while,as, after, before, since, until, as soon as等词引导。一、 when、while和as的用法与区别三者都表示“

23、当时候”，需要注意的是：1. when引导的时间状语从句中，用动词的一般现在时表将来。Mr. Smith will call you up when he arrives in Beijing.当史密斯先生到达北京时，他将给你打电话。2. when也能表示“正在这时”。I was walking in the park, when it began to rain.我正在公园里散步，这时天开始下雨了。3. 与进行时连用时， when相当于while或as。When/While/ As Jane was playing the violin, Iwalked in quietly. 当简在拉小提

24、琴时，我悄 悄地走进了。4. as引导时间状语从句时表示“当时；一边一边”，侧重表示两个动作同时发生。The boy jumps as he goes along. 那个男孩边走边跳。二、由before和after引导的时间状语从句用法before意为“在之前”，根据具体语境还可意为“还没来得及/ 还没有就；才”等。after表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。We arrived there two days before Christmas.我们在圣诞节前两天到了那儿。Before he knew it, his piece of meat had fallen into thewater.

25、他还没有醒悟过来，那块肉已经掉进水里了。After you think it over, please let me know what youdecide. 你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。三、as soon as引导的时间状语从句用法as soon as意为“一就”，表将来要发生的动作，遵循“主将从现”的原则；表示两个紧接着发生的动作，主从句都用一般过去时。As soon as she comes to the party, we will give her a big surprise. 她一来参加晚会，我们就给她一个大惊喜。（现在）As soon as he got to th

26、e station, the train left. 他一到达火车站，火车就离开了。(过去)四、until引导的时间状语从句用法1. 在含有until引导的时间状语从句中，如果主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，如：work，live，stay，study，play，wait等，那么这个主句常用肯定式，表示动作一直延续到until所表示的时间为止。until可意为“直到为止”。Ill work until he tells me to stop.我会一直工作到他叫我停下来为止。2. 在含有until引导的时间状语从句中，如果主句的谓语动词是非持续性动词，如：come，go，leave，begin，st

27、art，finish等，那么这个主句常要用否定式，表示某一动作到until所表示的时间才发生。即not .until. 意为“直到才”。如：She didnt go tobed until she finished her homework.直到做完作业， 她才去睡觉。Unit 6-topic3宾语从句（）在句子中起到宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句是名词性从句的一种，在主从复合句中充当宾语，一般位于及物动词、介词或复合谓语之后。宾语从句一般分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。学好宾语从句，首先掌握以下两个要点。一、 that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以

28、省略）that在从句中没有实在意思，只起到连接作用。She said (that) she was too busy to go to your concert. 她说她太忙了而不能参加你的音乐会。No one told Jack (that) there would be a class meetingthenext day. 没有人告诉杰克第二天有班会。Little Tom was afraid (that) he couldnt pass the exam. 小汤米担心这次考试不及格。【拓展1】可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say,think,wish, hope, imagine,

29、wonder, know, believe, agree,explain, feel,suggest, hear, mean, notice等。【拓展2】当主句谓语动词是think, believe, suppose,expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。I dont think (that) he can give a speech at the meeting.我认为他不会在会上发言的。二、 宾语从句的时态1.主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。The worker says (that) he works from Monday to Frid

30、ay.那名工人说他从周一至周五上班。(从句是一般现在时）John says (that) he will leave a message on his desk. 约翰说要在他桌子上留个便条。（从句是一般将来时）2.主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。He told me that he didnt go to the library yesterday. 他告诉我他昨天没去图书馆。（从句是一般过去时）He said (that) he was playing football at that time. 他说他那时在踢足球。（从句是过去进行时）3.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。The teacher told us (that) nothing is difficult if we putour hearts into it. 老师告诉我们世上无难事,只怕有心人。