(完整)初中英语句子成分讲解.doc

1、初中英语句子成分讲解一 概述：句子成分概念：组成句子的各个部分，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语，主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。主语：表示句子所说的是什么人或神秘物，一般由名词、代词或不定式，V-ing和从句充当。谓语：说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样。由动词充当，主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。谓语动词存在多种时态，它是句子的核心。表语：说明主语是说明或怎么样，由名词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、介词短语、句子等充当。宾语: 表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、V-ing、从句充当，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。定语：用来修饰名词或代词。由形容词、代词、数词、介词短语

2、、不定式、从句充当。单词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或句子作定语放在被修饰才之后。状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、条件、目的、方式、程度等等。通常由副词、介词短语、不定式或句子充当。（若在同一句子中出现多个不同状语，常见的4个的顺序为：方式状语、目的状语、地点状语、时间状语。）Eg. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday二 详解1.主语 主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物。 1).名词 例如： A moon cake is a delicious, round cake. The first truc

3、k is carrying a few baskets. The temperature will stay above zero. The doctor looked over Mrs. Brown very carefully. China does not want to copy the USAs example. 2).代词 例如： Its a young forest. I dont know if it will grow. Thats a bit expensive. Youd better buy a new pair. Im afraid we havent got any

4、 black shoes. 3).数词 例如：One and two is three. One is not enough for me. I want one more. One of them is English. Suddenly one of the bags fell off the truck. Two will be enough. 4).不定式 （常以 Its adj. to do sth. 形式出现） 例如： To give is better than to receive =Its better to give. I found it difficult to get

5、 to sleep. Its glad to see you again. It was difficult to see. But its good to swim in summer. 5).动名词Swimming is interesting. Reading books is good for us.6).名词化的形容词做主语The blind need more help. 7).句子作主语What he has said is true. 8).It作主语，有如下情况： 1)指代刚刚提到的事物：Whats this ? Its a bus. (指代what) 2)指代一个你不知道或

6、判断不清性别的人Whos knocking the door? Its me. (指代 who) Whos the baby in the picture? Its my sister. (指代 who) 3) 表示时间，天气，距离： Whats the time? Its eight oclock. (时间) Whats it going to be tomorrow? Its going to be rainy.(天气) How far is it? Its about one kilometer away. (距离) 6.there 引起的There be 句型中，be 作谓语，主语位居

7、其后。如： There are many different kinds of moon cakes. There will be a strong wind. 2、谓语 谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。 一般可分为两类： 1)，简单谓语 由动词(或短语动词)构成。 可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。 We study for the people. 2)，复合谓语：情态动词不定式 I can speak a little English. 谓语有动词构成，依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。例如： I

8、 like walking.(一般现在时主动语态) I made your birthday cake last night. (一般过去时主动语态) It is used by travellers and business people all over the world. (一般现在时被动语态) 复合谓语也可分为两种情况： 第一种是由情态动词，助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语： What does this word mean? I wont do it again. Ill go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao. You

9、d better catch a bus. 第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。例如： You look the same. We are all here. The weather gets warmer, and the days get longer. Keep quite and listen to me. He looked worried. We have to be up early in the morning. School Is over. Lets go home. My pen is in my bag. I feel terrible. He seemed rat

10、her tired last night. 连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系，不宜分割。 3、表语 表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。 My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是护士。 表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。 These desks are yellow. I am all right. My work is teaching English, My

11、 question is how you knew him. 系动词的分类：1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher. (is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. This matter rests a mystery. 3）表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He looks tired. He see

12、ms (to be) very sad. 4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet. 5）变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, 例如：He became mad after that. She grew rich within a short time. 6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, tur

13、n out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如： The rumor proved false. The search proved difficult. His plan turned out a success. （turn out表终止性结果）4、宾语 宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。 宾语是谓语动作所涉及的对象,它是动作的承受者,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任，宾语一般放在谓语动词后面。 I saw a cat in the tree. 我看见树上有一只猫。 I want to go shopping. He said that he

14、 could be here. We think you are right. 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语,可以带两个宾语的动词有 bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面, 但间接宾语前须加to。 My father bought me a book. Give the rubber to me. Please give the letter to XiaoLi. 有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补

15、足语,否则意思不完整,它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。 We all call him LaoWang. Please color it red. We found the little girl in the hill. 5、定语 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。 用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。 He is a new student. 但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作

16、定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。 The bike in the room is mine.定语用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语,定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。 That is a beautiful flower. The TV set made in that factory is very good. This is my book, not your book. There are more than twenty trees in our schoo

17、l. I have a lot of things to do. Our country is a developing country. 6、状语 状语:说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。状语可以由副词,短语以及从句来担任。状语从句分类及常用连词： 类别连词 时间状语从句when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as, etc. 地点状语从句where, wherever 原因状语从句because, since, as, for, now th

18、at, etc. 目的状语从句in order that, so that, that, etc. 结果状语从句sothat, so that, suchthat, that, etc. 条件状语从句if, unless, as(so)long as, etc. 让步状语从句though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc. 比较状语从句asas, soas, than, etc. 方式状语从句as, as if, as though, etc. 相似连词的用法区别 1.when, while, as, whil

19、e表时间，从句需用延续性动词，切不可用瞬间动词。 when表时间，从句既可以用延续性动词，又可以用瞬间动词。 as表时间，与when相似，但侧重强调主从句动作同点或同段进行。 when, while后可以接分词短语。 2.because, as, since, for 语气位置意义 because 最强前或后 “原因”；表客观因果关系；回答“” as较强前“由于”；把众人所知的事实当作理由 since 较弱前“既然”；就对方陈述的事实作为理由 for 最弱后“理由”；对某一事实进行推断的理由 注：上面所说的“前”，指从句在主句之前；“后”，指从句在主句之后。 3.so that, sothat

20、, suchthat so that“以便”、“结果”表目的和结果。注意：在从句中有情态动词表目的。无情态动词表结果。 sothat “如此的以致于”表结果。该结构常见于： 1.so+形副that2.so+形a(an)单数名词that3.somany/much复数名词（不可数名词）+that suchthat“如此的以致于”表结果。该结构常见于： 1.sucha(an)形名词that2.such形复数名词不可数名词that 4.though, although, as, though, although在句首表“尽管”两者都可以用。但句后不能再用but。 下列情况只能用though： as t

21、hough (=as if);even if (=even though) 在句末表示“然而” as表示“尽管”，从句的表语、状语等成分要倒装。 5.whatever, however, wherever, whenever 它们是what, how, where, when的强势语气。分别等于： no matter what, no matter how no matter where, no matter when 同位语: 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语（appositive）.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）

22、担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。 英语句子成分基础练习 (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont

23、like the picture on the wall. A. dontB. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. DoB. usually C. goD. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will beB. meeting C. the libr

24、ary D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A. DidB. twinsC. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. TomB. didntC. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. wantB. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. WeB. hadC. send D. doctor H

25、e is interested in music. A. isB. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. giveB. did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last cl

26、ass? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didnt know who Father C

27、hristmas really is.(四) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.(五) 挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. What is your given name? On the t

28、hird lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of scho

29、ol. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?(七) 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleve

30、n. The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tel

31、l us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?（九）综合练习（写出横线各对应部分的句子成分名称）1.We always work hard at English。 2. He said he didnt come. 3.They love each other. 4.What did you bye? 5

32、.She watched her daughter playing the piano. 6.your job today is to help the old. - 7.Speaking doesnt mean doing. 8.Bye the time I got to the station, the train had left. 9.The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage._ _ _ _ _ _10.It takes me an hour to get there.