-人教新目标版八年级下册《英语》Unit1 知识点.docx

1、Unit 1Section A1.Whats the matter怎么了?Whats the matter?怎么了?出什么事了常用于询问某人患了何种疾病，遇到了什么，也可用于询问某物出了什么故障，其后可接 with sb./sth.，表示“某人/某物怎么了?”。其中 matter用作名词，意为“问题;事情”。-Whats the matter?-Bad luck. I lost my pen.-Whats the matter with him?-He has a sore back. Matter (动词要紧;有关系多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。It doesnt matter.没关系。(

2、通常用来回答对方的道歉)2.I have a cold.我感冒了have a cold(患)感冒其中have用作及物动词，意为“患(病);遭受(病痛)”“ have a/an+疾病名称”表示患病或身体某部位不舒服，不能用于进行时态have a fever发烧 have a headache头痛 have a stomachache胃痛 have a cough咳嗽 have a toothache牙疼Do you often have a cold?Jim had a stomachache after supper yesterday.3.I have a stomachache我胃痛 st

3、omachache名词)胃痛;腹痛是“名词 stomach(胃;腹部)+ache(疼痛)”构成的复合名词。I have a stomachache. And Im not feeling well.。headache头痛， toothache牙痛， backache背痛， earache耳朵痛。4.I have a sore back我背痛。1)sore adj.疼痛的;酸痛的 可作定语或表语She has a sore throat.Dont read for a long time， or your eyes will get sore.2)back n背;背部He hurt his ba

4、ck yesterday.n背面;后面at the back of在的后部The boy sat at the back of the classroom那个男孩坐在教室的后部。副词回(原处)What time does your father often come back?你爸爸经常几点回来?5. footfoot可数名词脚，足其复数形式为feet on foot步行go to. on foot= walk to.步行去A horse has four feet.I often go to school on foot. =I often walk to school.6. She tal

5、ked too much yesterday and didnt drink enough water.(1) too much太多 此处起副词的作用，修饰动词 talkedShe worried too much.(2) enough形容词足够的;充足的修饰名词时，常放在名词前Youll have enough time to relax.你将有足够的时间息。副词足够地;充分地,可修饰形容词或副词，且要放于其后。It s warm enough in the room.He runs quickly enough.代词足够，充分，充足可作主语或宾语。Did you have enough y

6、esterday?昨天你吃饱了吗?“ enough(for+名词/代词+) to do sth.”意为“(某人/某物)足够，能做某事”可与so.that.(如此以至于)进行同义句转换。The box is light enough for the boy to carry=The box is so light that the boy can carry it. 7lie down and rest躺下休息(1)lie(lay，lain， lying)不及物动词躺;平躺lie down躺下Dont lie in the sun for too long.He found a dog lyin

7、g at the door.Just lie down on the bed.(lay，lain, lying)不及物动词位于;存在;处于Qingdao lies in the east of Shandong青岛位于山东东部。(lied，lied， lying)不及物动词撤谎;说 lie to sb.对某人说谎You are lying to me.你在对我说可数名词谎言;假话 tell a lie/tell lies说谎lay(laid，laid， laying)动词产(卵);下蛋;放置;安放The hen stopped laying eggs.She laid the baby dow

8、n gently on the bed.(2)rest不及物动词休息He lies down and rests for an hour after lunch everyday.他每天午饭后躺下体息一个小时。名词休息take/have a(good)rest(好好)休息You must take a rest from your work. 8.drink some hot tea with honey喝些加蜂蜜的热茶with介词具有;带有表示事物所具有的性质、特征;其反义词为without，意为“没有”。此处介词短语 -Would you like some coffee with sug

9、ar?-No，thanks. Id like tea without anything.China is a country with a long history.和在一起 Mr Black is talking with a friend.使用She cuts the apple with a knife.与有关;对于There is something wrong with my neck.(表示行为方式)伴随She likes to sleep with the light on.9 cough and sore throat咳嗽且喉昽痛coughn咳嗽have a cough患咳嗽T

10、he boy had a bad cough last year.不及物动词 咳嗽He couldnt stop coughing.10. take your temperature量体温take ones temperature量体温The nurse took my temperature. 拓展take的其他常见短语:take a message捎个口信 take a shower洗淋浴take a walk散步 take ones order点菜take the subway乘地铁 take a trip旅行 take sb s place/代替某人11.No，it doesnt so

11、und like you have a fever不，听起来你不像发烧。sound like听起来像,后接名词(短语)、代词或句子。-Im going to take up a new hobby next year明年我打算从事一项新的爱好。-Sounds like a good plan听起来像个不错的计划。It sounds like you had a good time on your trip听起来像是你旅途很愉快与 sound like类似的短语: feel like感觉像look like看起来像taste like尝起来像12.You need to take breaks

12、away from the computer你需要离开电脑体息。(1)need实义动词She needs a good rest.The room needs cleaning/to be cleaned情态动词需要无人称和数的变化，其后接动词原形，通常用于疑问句或否定句中。-Need I finish the work today我需要今天完成这项工作吗?-Yes, you must /No, you needntThere is enough time. You neednt worry.(2)take breaks休息与take/ have a break或take /have a re

13、st 同义。 break此处用作可数名词，意为“间歇;休息”。We are sitting under the big tree to take breaks.(3) away from离开;远离They went to a warm place away from home他们离开家，去了一个温暖的地方。13.I think I sat in the same way for too long without moving我想我以同样的姿势一动不动地坐得太久。(1)for后接一段时间常与延续性动词(短语)或表示状态的短语连用After walking for a long time， the

14、y all got tired.(2) without介词)没有，不(做某事)其后可接名词(短语)、代词或动词-ing形式作宾语。其反义词为withFish cant live without water.Nick worked for three hours without taking a break.14.If your head and neck still hurt tomorrow then go to a doctor.(1)if连词如果;假如，引导条件状语从句。(2)hurt(hurt，hurt)(不及物动词）疼痛，主语通常为疼痛的具体部位。My feet hurt when

15、I walk.及物动词使疼痛，使受伤，主要指碰撞、打击等造成的肉体伤害，也可引申为精神上或情感上的“伤害”。Jack hurt himself with a knife杰克用刀割伤了自己。(3) go to a doctor去看医生= go to the doctor15 At 9: 00 a.m. yesterday， bus No 26 was going along Zhonghua Road when the driver saw an old man lying on the side of the road.(1)过去进行时此处 was going为过去进行时结构。过去进行时由wa

16、s/were+动词-ing形式”构成，表示过去某个时间正在发生或进行的动作。He was writing a report at 8: 00 a m. yesterday.(2)see sb. doing sth.与 see sb. do sth.see sb. doing sth.看见某人正在做，强调看见某个动作正在进行see sb. do sth.看见某人做了某事，强调看见动作发生的整个过程We saw him crossing the road.We saw him cross the road.注意类似see这种用法的动词，常见的还有 watch，hear， notice等，其后都可以

17、跟do sth或 doing sth16.The bus driver， 24-year-old Wang Ping， stopped the bus without thinking twice.(1)24-year-old 复合形容词 24岁的The eight-year-old boy hurt his knee when playing.Tom is10 years old.(2) think twice再三考虑You should think twice before making a decision17. He got off and asked the woman what h

18、appened.1)辨析: get off， get on， get into与 get out ofget on意为“登上（汽车，火车等）”后面常跟较大的交通工具，为get off. When I got on the bus,I saw my teacher sitting there. get into意为“进入（小汽车，出租车等）”，后面常跟较小的交通工具，其反义短语为get out ofShe get into a taxi and left. get out of意为“从（小汽车、出租车等”）下来He get out of the car and went into the hal

19、l. get off 意为“下（汽车、火车、飞机等）”The passengers got off the bus. (2) happen（不及物动词)发生a.Sth+ happen(s)+地点/时间.某地/某时发生某事。An accident happened in that street那条街上发生了一起事故。b.Sth. happen(s)to sb.某人发生了某事。(常指不好的事)What happened to you，Judy?你怎么了，朱迪?I had a bad headache.我头痛得厉害。动词)碰巧Sb. happen(s) to do sth.某人碰巧做某事。It ha

20、ppens that从句，碰巧(两结构可进行同义句转换)She happened to meet her friend in the book store. =It happened that she met her friend in the bookstore.18 He expected most or all of the passengers to get off and wait for the e next bus.(教材第3页，3a)(1) expect sb. to do sth预料/期待某人做某事 I expect him to buy me a present. expe

21、ct to do sth预料/期待做某事 I expect to be back in a week expect+that预料、期待(2) wait for等待wait for sb./sth. to do sth.等待某人/某物做某事He is waiting for me. Im waiting for the dentist to come.19 But to his surprise， they all agreed to go with him.1) to ones surprise使某人惊讶的是;出乎某人少的意料 “ to ones+表示感情色彩的名词”结构，通常用作插入语，放在

22、句首，其后用逗号与其他部分隔开。To his surprise， she won first prize.注意“to ones+表示感情色彩的名词”意为“令/使某人的是”，这一结构的短语还有: to ones joy/使某人高兴的是to ones disappointment令/使某人失望的是to ones satisfaction/使某人满意的是拓展 in surprise惊讶地;惊奇地2)agree to do sth.同意做某事She agreed to go shopping with me。拓展 agree with sb同意某人(的意见或观点等)agree to+建议/计划/安排同

23、意某建议/计划/安排Hell agree to their plans. agree on sth.就某事达成一致Can they agree on the price?20 Thanks to Mr Wang and the passengers， the man was saved by the doctors in time.(1) thanks to由于;多亏;因为 常位于句首，有时可与 with the help of或 because of进行同义转换。Thanks to Mary, I finished the homework on time.=With the help of

24、 Mary， I finished the homework on time.Thanks to (=Because of)the bad weather, we had to put off our trip辨析: thanks to与 thanks forthanks to 由于，多亏，因为 并无当面感谢的意思，其后可接名词或代词thanks for 因而感谢 后接感谢的原因，其后可接名词，代词或动词ing形式(2)be saved by sb 被某人挽救/救助(3)辨析：in time与on timein time 及时 强调正好赶上事先约定的时间，没有迟到，(be)in time fo

25、r sthon time 准时，按时 指按计划做某事，强调不迟到，不早不晚21.Its said that many people dont want to help others because they dont want any trouble.(1)It is/was+形容词+that从句，某事是此处it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。Its bad that my son has a high fever我儿子发高烧，真是太糟了。(2) trouble 不可数名词苦恼;麻烦 常用短语有:(be) in trouble处于困境中 get into trouble陷人困境，造

26、成麻烦 have trouble(in)doing sth=have problems(in) doing sth.做某事有困难Whats the trouble with you?你出什么事了?动词使苦恼;打扰Im sorry to trouble you.对不起，打你了。 22 Bus No， 26 hit an old man on Zhonghua Road26.hit (hit，hit) 及物动词 碰撞;撞击;(用手或器具)击;打The bus hit the bridge.She hit me on the head with a book.注意：当表示“打某人某个部位”时:通常较

27、软或陷的部位用“ hit sb. in the+部位(eye， mouth，face， stomach，et.)”结构，意为“打在某人的(眼睛上、嘴上、脸上、肚子上等)”;通常较硬或凸出的部位用“ hit sb. on the+部位(head，nose，back，etc.)”结构，意为“打在某人的(头上、鼻子上、背上等)”。名词 打;打击;成功;红极一时的人或事物She became a hit at that time. 23 The old man had a heart problem and needed to go to the hospital right away.right a

28、way立即;马上其同义短语是 at once， right now 24The old man got to the hospital in time.辨析:get to arrive与 reach者都表示“到达”，要区分三者的区别25.Did you fall down.fall down摔倒;跌倒;倒塌后不能跟宾语。 fall down from= fall off从上掉/摔下来When the little girl ran across the street， she fell down.He fell down from his bike yesterday. =He fell of

29、f his bike yesterdayI dont think the tower will fall down拓展：fall的短语：fall behind落后，跟不上/ over跌倒/ into落入/ asleep入睡/ in love with爱上Section B1.Someone felt sick有人生病了。sick形容词生病的;有病的既可作表语，也可以作定语。be sick=be ill生病 (注意:ill意为“有病的”时，常作表语，通常不作定语)I didnt go to school yesterday because I was sick/ill.恶心的，想吐的 此时一般不

30、在名词前作定语。I want to get off the bus. I feel a little sick.2 told him to rest他休息tell sb.(not) to do sth.3 have problems breathing呼吸困难(1) have problems(in) doing sth.做某事有间题困难其同义短语为 have trouble/difficulty(in) doing sthWe have problems getting to the mountain village before dark.She has no problem (in)si

31、nging the song.(2) breathe不及物动词呼吸People breathe more slowly when they are asleep. 及物动词呼吸Its good to breathe fresh air呼吸新鲜空气有好处。拓展 breath名词 呼吸out of breath上气不接下气 take a deep breath深呼吸4.Aron Ralston is an American man who interested in mountain climbing.1)who引导的定语从句此处 who is interested mountain climbi

32、ng是定语从句，修饰先行词 American man，who是关系代词。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。当先行词为人时，常用关系代词who或that引导定语从句，who或that在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。who或that作主语时不可省略，作宾语时可省略。Do you know the girls who/ that are dancing?你认识那些正在跳舞的女孩吗?( who/that作主语，不可省略)The man(who/that)you are waiting for wont come.你正在等的那个人不会来了。( who/that作宾语，可省略)2) be interested i

33、n侧重状态，其后可接名词、代词或动词-ing形式become interested in意为“对产生兴趣”，侧重动作。He was interested in science when he was young. 辨析：interested与insteresting5.As a mountain climber， Aron is used to taking risks.1)as介词作为，当作后跟名词作宾语。He works in the hotel as a cook.2) climber可数名词登山者;攀登者该词是由“动词 climb+-er构成的名词。许多动词后可加-r或-or构成名词，

34、表示动作的执行者。write(写作) writer(作者)sing(唱歌) singer(歌唱家;歌手)swim(游泳) swimmer(游泳者) collect(收集) collector(收集者;收藏家)visit(参观) visitor(参观者)(3) be used to习惯于;适应于此处to为介词，后可接名词、代词或动词ing形式。该短语中be还可换成getYou will be/get used to this situation soon. 4)risk可数名词危险;风险 the risk of的风险 take risks= take a risk冒险Dont take risk

35、s.不要冒险。Eating junk food can increase the risk of the illness. 及物动词冒险其后可接名词、代词或动词ing形式作宾语。 risk doing sth.冒险做某事He risked his life to save the child.Im willing to risk losing everything6 There were many times when Aron almost lost his life because of accidents.辨析: because of与 because的区别7.Because he co

36、uld not free his arm， he stayed there for five days and hoped that someone would find him.free及物动词使自由;释放;解放I freed the birds from their cages yesterday.形容词空闲的;免费的;自由的 8 But when his water ran out， he knew that he would have to do something to save his ownlife.(教材第6页，2b)(1) run out用尽;耗尽其主语通常是被用尽的时间、食

37、物、金钱等。run out of.用光，用尽(其主语为表示人的名词或代词，宾语为被用尽的物，相当于use upHer money soon ran out. I have run out of all my money.跑出去run out of表示“从跑出去”。A big animal ran out of the zoo last night.(2) save ones life挽救某人的生命He saved the girls life from the fire yesterday. 注意：life意为生活方式，生命，复数形式为lives9 He was not ready to di

38、e that day.be ready to do sth.愿意做某事;准备好做某事表示即将去做She is always ready to help others.We are ready to answer the questions.拓展 be ready for为做好准备He was ready for the English exam.10.So he used his knife to cut off half his right arm.(1) use sth. to do sth.用某物做某事可与use sth. for doing sth.互换。 I use a knife

39、to cut apples.= I use a knife for cutting apples.(2)knife可数名词其复数形式为 knives助记以-f(e)结尾将其变为-ves构成复数的名词灰太狼(wolf)为活命(life)去捉羊扮贼( thief)携刀( knife)叶(leaf)中藏。架( shelf)后半(half)天不见羊，自己(self)妻子(wife)饿得慌。 (3)cut off切除;切断为“动词+副词”型结构When was the telephone cut off?The flowers are beautiful. Dont cut them off.常见的与c

40、ut相关的短语: cut down砍倒;减少 cut up切碎 cut in插入;插话cutinto把切成 cut out删掉;割去11.Then，with his left arm，he bandaged himself so that he would not lose too much blood. (1)辨析:with与inwith 表示“用”工具，身体部位等 They eat with forks. in 表示“用”语言，声音，材料等 She can give a talk in English. 2) bandage 及物动词用绷带包扎The doctor bandaged his

41、 left leg.(名词绷带The bandage is still on his hand.(3) so that其用法如下:以便，为了 引导目的状语从句 so that前通常没有逗号与主句隔开，so that可换成in order that因此，所以 引导结果状语从句 Bring it closer so that(=in order that )I may see it better.(目的状语从句)She got up late so that she missed the early bus.(结果状语从句)(4) 辨析：too much,much too与too many的区别t

42、oo much， much too，用法区别看后头much后跟不可数，too后则跟形或副 too many要记住，其后名词必复数。(5) blood不可数名词 血 其形容词形式为bloody,意为“有血的;出血的”。动词bleeda drop of blood一滴血Blood is thicker than water.血浓于水。12.After losing his arm, he wrote a book called Between a Rock and a Hard Place.called Between a Rock and a Hard Place是过去分词短语作后置定语call

43、ed意为“被称为与named同义，也可用 with the name of来代替。 The Greens have a daughter called/named Kate .=The Greens have a daughter with the name of Kate.13 This means being in a difficult situation that you cannot seem to get out of.(1)mean( meant， meant)(及物动词意思是意为其后常接名词、动词-ing形式或从句。其名词形式是 meaning，意为“意义;意思”。What d

44、oes bloodmean? You mean you have a sore back?意味着 其后常接名词或动词-ing形式作宾语。My new job means working all day and all night我的新工作意味着夜以继日地工作打算;意欲mean to do sth.打算做某事 I mean to talk with him about it我打算和他谈谈这件事。拓展 What do you mean by.? What do/does. mean?=Whats the meaning of.?是什么意思?其中by后名词、代词或动词-ing形式。What do y

45、ou mean by this word?=What does this word mean?=Whats the meaning of this word?2) get out of离开;从出来其反义短语是 get into进入”。Thanks to your help， I got out of trouble in time.14 In this book， Aron tells of the importance of making good decisions， and of being in control of ones life.(1) tell of叙述;描述He told

46、of his childhood.(2) importance不可数名词重要性;重要少其形容词形式是 important，意为“重要的”。the importance of( doing)sh.(做)某事的重要性He began to realize the importance of studying hard.他开始意识到努力学习的重要性。(3) decision可数名词决定;抉择少其动词形式为 decide(决定)。make decisions/a decision做决定make a decision to do sth.= decide to do sth.决定做某事Let me make decisions myself.。(4) be in control of掌管;管理You should be in control of your own life and business.拓展 be in the control of受控制/管理 be out of control失去控制