新视野大学英语课件第四册课件4-7Research into Population Genetics.pptx

1、 Go over the preview,the pre-reading questions and the title of the text before listening to the summary of the story and anticipate what we are going to read.Luca Cavalli-Sforza:Cavalli-Sforza,born in Genoa,Italy,was educated at the University of Pavia where he gained his MD in 1944.After working o

2、n bacterial genetics at Cambridge(19481950)and Milan(19501957)he has held chairs in genetics at Parma(19581962)and Pavia(19621970).In 1970 he was appointed professor of genetics at the University of Stanford,California,a position he held until his retirement in 1992.Cavalli-Sforza has specialized ma

3、inly in the genetics of human populations,producing with Walter Bodmer a comprehensive survey of the subject in their Genetics,Evolution and Man(1976).He has also done much to show how genetic data from present human racial groups could be used to reconstruct their past separations.This reconstructi

4、on,based on the analysis of 58 genes,yields a bifurcated evolutionary tree with Caucasian and African races in one branch and Orientals,Oceanians,and Amerinds in the other.Columbus:Christopher Columbus,an Italian-born master navigator(born in Genoa,Italy in 1451 and died at Valladolid,Spain in 1506)

5、who sailed in the service of Spain,is commonly described as the discoverer of the New World America.His four transatlantic voyages(14921493,14931496,14981500,and 15021504)opened the way for European exploration,exploitation,and colonization of the Americas.Columbuss real greatness lies in the fact t

6、hat having found the West Indies making major errors in his navigational computations and location in doing so he was able to find his way back to Europe and return to the Indies.It is as the result of Columbuss“discovery”that the New World became part of the European world.human genetic map:Our bod

7、ies are comprised of trillions of microscopic units called cells.Cells in turn are built up from many specific types of molecules,both large and small.The large molecules or macromolecules include polysaccharides,nucleic acids and proteins.Proteins are the workhorses of our cells.There are about 40,

8、000 different types of proteins in our bodies.Each protein is present in many,many copies.An adult,for example,carries about 1021(a billion trillion)hemoglobin molecules.The flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA to Protein.Each protein is a linear polymer of a specific sequence of 20 differ

9、ent amino acids.DNA is also a linear polymer comprised of 4 types of nucleotides.The sequence of amino acids in each protein is encoded by a segment of DNA called a gene.Three consecutive nucleotides in a gene encode a single amino acid in the corresponding protein.The genetic code is universal amon

10、g all living things.Khoisan:Khoisan is the name by which the lighter skinned indigenous peoples of southern Africa,the Khoi(Hottentots)and the San(Bushmen)are known.These people were the earliest inhabitants of Africa and dominated the sub-continent for millennia before the appearance of the Nguni a

11、nd other black peoples.There were probably about 120,000 living in South Africa around 1500.Basques:The Basques are a people who live in a small region(about the size of Rhode Island in the United States)that straddles the border of Spain and France from the sea in the west into the Pyrenees in the

12、east.This area is called Euskal Herria(comprising seven provinces,historically:Araba,Bizkaia,Gipuzkoa,and Navarra on the Spanish side;Laburdi,Zuberoa,and Behe-Nafarroa on the French side).There are about 660,000,according to the 1991 census.Fewer than 80,000 of these are on the French side of the fr

13、ontier which runs through the Basque Country,the rest on the Spanish side.Basques speak a language called euskara,but today only about 25%of the population is fluent in that tongue.Even so,the word for a Basque person,euskaldun,means“possessor of the Basque language”.The Basque population is disting

14、uished physically by a high incidence of Rh Negative factor in the blood.No one knows exactly where the Basques came from.Some say they have lived in that area since Cro-Magnon man first roamed Europe.Estimates of how long they have lived there vary from 10,000 to 75,000 years.Some say they are desc

15、ended from the original Iberians.More fanciful theories exist,as well.One is that the Basques are the descendents of the survivors of Atlantis.Read the sentences carefully and guess the meaning of the italicized term in each sentence according to the context and your own experiences.There is a feeli

16、ng of our own superiority and our pride that lie at the root of our response to them.We have argued that the broadcasting was biased towards the right wing and the government of today.To date,research on the application of the genetic map is very limited.优越性优越性对对有偏见有偏见至今至今 It was not possible to cha

17、nge direction suddenly,yet the damage to education was obvious as campuses sometimes resembled market-places rather than institutions of higher learning.What she saw was the face of a stranger who resembled her:mouth pulled out of shape,skin white,hair without color.Pauls features bore a strong rese

18、mblance to his fathers.The London of the 1990s bears little resemblance to the London of my youth.What was needed was nothing less than a new industrial revolution and a thriving market.Youre nothing less than a murderer!The setting up of this plant in three months is nothing less than a miracle.The

19、 present trend is nothing less than alarming.就是就是简直是简直是简直就是简直就是确实确实 His remarks should have served as an encouragement to the authorities to develop this important aspect of community care.Criticism and debate are to be welcomed and should not be confined to academic circles.As of today,we do not be

20、lieve that the declaration of an emergency state would increase the flow of supplies.视作视作局限于局限于从今天起从今天起 In effect,the influence of this government was going down gradually.Only when your approach to good health can be adapted to all your own requirements,will you really succeed in obtaining your goa

21、ls of health care.The new treatment can be used either alone or in combination with the traditional one.事实上事实上适应适应与与结合结合 In addition,the research is expected to shed more light on the social consequences of cities changing economic roles.Wherever they are now,black people are descended from Africans

22、.更为清楚地说明更为清楚地说明是是的后裔的后裔Homework Learn the new words and expressions of the text by heart.Go over the text and try to get the main idea of the text.Analyze the structure of the text.1.Global Reading Task Reading Skills:Text structure analysis:2.Detailed Reading Task Language pointsSimulated writingSummary of the text Vocabulary Exercises Translating and Writing Listening and speaking activities Talking about the topic or retelling the text Listening and speaking practice in XP center