百师联盟2023届高三3月二轮复习联考(一)（全国卷）各科试卷及答案.rar

二轮复习联考（一）全国卷 理综生物答案 第 1 页（共 3 页）2023 届高三二轮复习联考（一）全国卷理综生物参考答案1.C【解析】糖蛋白由内质网上的核糖体合成，需经过内质网和高尔基体的加工、折叠和修饰，A 正确；糖蛋白的功能与细胞间的识别和信息传递有关，B 正确；高温会破坏糖蛋白的空间结构，但不会破坏蛋白质中的肽键，因此仍可与双缩脲试剂发生颜色反应，C 错误；糖蛋白具有识别功能，因此细胞表面含有识别激素的糖蛋白，D 正确。2.D【解析】只有实验“低温诱导植物染色体数目的变化”需要在低温条件下培养根尖，A 错误；漂洗根尖使用的是清水，而不是体积分数 95%的酒精，B 错误；观察细胞时，应先在低倍镜下找到分生区细胞，再换用高倍镜观察，C 错误；两个实验观察的均为根尖分生区的细胞，D 正确。3.C【解析】基因的转录需要 RNA 聚合酶的催化，不需要解旋酶，A 错误；一个基因控制合成不同的多肽链与转录后形成的前体 mRNA 的加工、拼接有关，B 错误；翻译过程是以成熟的 mRNA 为模板，tRNA 携带氨基酸在核糖体上进行脱水缩合形成多肽，此过程需要消耗能量，C 正确；人成熟的红细胞没有细胞核和各种细胞器，因此不会发生呼吸酶基因的表达，D 错误。4.B【解析】神经递质只能由突触前膜释放到突触间隙，该方式为胞吐，A 正确；神经递质 A 与 NMDA 结合后会引起大量 Na+内流进入细胞，从而引起突触后神经元兴奋，B 错误；药物氯胺酮和神经递质 A 均能与 NMDA 结合，氯胺酮与 NMDA 的结合会阻止神经递质 A 与 NMDA 的结合，C 正确；氯胺酮可抑制 NMDA的功能，既抑制 NMDA 的识别，也抑制 Na+内流，因此静脉注射氯胺酮不会引起突触后膜动作电位的电位差增大，D 正确。5.D【解析】烟粉虱吸食植物叶肉的汁液，因此两者之间的关系是寄生，A 错误；能量传递效率指的是相邻两个营养级间的同化量比值，不是两个或两种生物间的同化量比值，B 错误；采用样方法调查烟粉虱的种群密度时，应做到随机取样，C 错误；茉莉酸属于化学信息，通过化学信息可以调节种间关系，D 正确。6.C【解析】第二组亲本均为弯曲尾，后代出现了正常尾，说明弯曲尾对正常尾为显性性状，F1中雌雄个体表现型不同，说明控制该性状的基因位于 X 染色体上，因此控制弯曲尾的基因为 XA，A 正确；亲本中、个体的基因型均为 XaY，个体的基因型为 XAY，均为纯合子；根据第三组 F1中弯曲尾和正常尾比例为4:1，说明中含有纯合子，B 正确；第三组弯曲尾和正常尾的比值未出现典型的 3:1 或 1:1 比例，与亲本中既有纯合子又有杂合子有关，但该性状的遗传仍然遵循分离定律，C 错误；第二组 F1中雌性个体的基因型及比例为 XAXA:XAXa=1:1，雄性个体的基因型及比例为 XAY:XaY=1:1；F1产生的雌配子中，XA:Xa=3:1，产生的雄配子中，XA:Xa:Y=1:1:2，F2中雌性弯曲尾中，XAXA:XAXa=3:4，因此雌性弯曲尾中纯合子的比例为 3/7，D 正确。29.（10 分）（1）叶绿体基质和线粒体（2 分）（2）有（1 分）Rubisco 酶催化的是一类化学反应（2 分）升高（增加）（1 分）CO2的浓度升高时，Rubisco 与 O2的结合减少，减少 C5的消耗，增加了有机物的生成（合理即可，2 分）（3）光呼吸增强能量损耗，避免高温对叶绿体的破坏（合理即可，2 分）【解析】（1）由题图可知，光呼吸发生的场所为叶绿体基质和线粒体。（2）Rubisco 酶具有专一性，原因是酶的专一性指的是酶只能催化一种或一类化学反应，而 Rubisco 酶催化的是一类化学反应。CO2的浓度升高时，Rubisco 与 O2的结合减少，减少 ATP、NADPH 和 C5的消耗，即增加了有机物的生成。（3）高温干旱导致植物气孔关闭，CO2吸收减少，光呼吸为植物提供更多 CO2，从而促进光合作用的发生。二轮复习联考（一）全国卷 理综生物答案 第 2 页（共 3 页）且光呼吸增强能量损耗，避免了高温对叶绿体的破坏。30.（9 分）（1）神经递质和高血糖（2 分）（2）胰岛素不敏感型小鼠（1 分）注射一定量的阿司匹林溶液（1 分）正常小鼠和胰岛素不敏感型小鼠（1 分）注射等量的生理盐水（1 分）血糖含量（1 分）实验组小鼠的血糖含量低于对照组胰岛素不敏感型的小鼠，与对照组正常小鼠的血糖基本相同（合理即可，2 分）【解析】（1）人类糖尿病无论是型还是型，多饮、多尿、多食是其共同外在表现。在体液调节中，高血糖可直接作用于胰岛 B 细胞，引起胰岛素分泌；在神经调节中，传出神经释放的神经递质也可引起胰岛 B细胞分泌胰岛素。（2）若要验证阿司匹林能恢复胰岛素的敏感性，使血糖恢复正常。实验组选取胰岛素不敏感型小鼠，对小鼠进行的处理是注射一定量的阿司匹林溶液，对照组选取正常小鼠和胰岛素不敏感型小鼠，对小鼠进行的处理是注射等量的生理盐水，然后放在相同条件下培养一段时间，测定小鼠的血糖含量。预期实验结果：实验组小鼠的血糖含量低于对照组胰岛素不敏感型的小鼠，与对照组正常小鼠的血糖基本相同。31.（8 分）（1）生态系统的组成成分、食物链和食物网（营养结构）（2 分）PCB 为难降解的化合物，几乎无法为生物体提供能量（1 分）呼吸作用以热能形式散失（及未利用）（1 分）（2）在机体内浓度超过环境浓度的现象（1 分）PCB 不易被生物排出，积累在生物体内，下一营养级生物在取食时，PCB 沿着食物链逐级聚集（合理即可，2 分）全球性（1 分）【解析】（1）生态系统的结构包括生态系统的组成成分、食物链和食物网。流经该湖泊水体的主要能量中不包括 PCB 中所含的能量，原因是 PCB 为难以降解的化合物，几乎无法为生物体提供能量。鱼类所同化的能量，除了图中表示的流向下一营养级、流向分解者的能量外，还包括在呼吸作用中以热能形式散失（以及未利用的能量）。（2）鱼从湖泊水体吸收并积蓄 PCB，使其在机体内浓度超过环境浓度的现象，称作生物富集。食鱼鸟中PCB 的浓度会高于鱼，原因是 PCB 不易被生物排出，积累在生物体内，下一营养级生物在取食时，PCB 沿着食物链逐级聚集，积累在食物链的顶端。PCB 可以通过水和生物迁移等途径扩散到世界各地，说明生物富集现象具有全球性的特点。32.（12 分）（1）易饲养、繁殖快、子代数量多、相对性状明显易于观察、染色体少（答出两点即可，2 分）只有GAL4 基因和 UAS 序列同时存在才能呈现绿色荧光（2 分）（2）将 F1中绿色荧光翅个体相互交配得到 F2，统计 F2的表现型及比例（2 分）11（2 分）97（2 分）（3）绿色荧光翅无色翅=11（2 分）【解析】（1）果蝇常作为遗传实验的材料，原因是果蝇易饲养、繁殖快、子代数量多、相对性状明显易于观察、染色体少。由于只有 GAL4 基因和 UAS 序列同时存在才能呈现绿色荧光，亲本中只含有两个基因中的一个，因此亲本雌、雄果蝇的翅不表现绿色荧光。（2）若用基因 G 表示 GAL4 基因，A 基因表示 UAS，未插入两种基因的另一条同源染色体相应位置上的基因用相关小写字母 g 或 a 表示，不论亲本果蝇的基因插入一对还是两对同源染色体，甲的基因型为 Ggaa，乙的基因型为 ggAa。欲判断插入基因的位置，可将 F1中的绿色荧光翅雌雄个体杂交，若雌果蝇细胞中外源基因插入到 3 号染色体上，则 F2个体基因型 GgAa:GGaa:ggAA=211，表现型之比为绿色荧光翅无色二轮复习联考（一）全国卷 理综生物答案 第 3 页（共 3 页）翅=11；若雌果蝇细胞中外源基因没有插入到 3 号染色体上，两对基因自由组合，故 F2中绿色荧光翅无色翅=97。（3）若绿色荧光蛋白基因插入了 3 号染色体，两对基因不能独立遗传。（2）中 F2的所有果蝇进行自由交配，根据配子法，F2产生的雌、雄配子 Ga:gA=11，所以 F3的表现型之比仍然为绿色荧光翅无色翅=11。37.（15 分）（1）秸秆还田的玉米地中富含纤维素，更易获取纤维素分解菌（2 分）碳源、氮源、水和无机盐（2分）凝固剂（琼脂）（1 分）（2）以纤维素为唯一碳源（2 分）增加纤维素分解菌的浓度，以确保能够从样品中分离得到纤维素分解菌（2 分）（3）平板划线法（2 分）刚果红染料（2 分）发酵产纤维素酶（2 分）【解析】（1）由于秸秆还田的玉米地中富含纤维素，更易获取纤维素分解菌，因此从玉米地寻找纤维素分解菌。图、图的培养基中都含有的营养成分为碳源、氮源、水和无机盐，图不同于图的成分为凝固剂（琼脂）。（2）可在培养基中添加以纤维素为唯一碳源的选择培养基，通过选择培养增加纤维素分解菌的浓度，以确保能够从样品中分离得到纤维素分解菌。（3）图采用的接种方法为平板划线法。为了鉴别纤维素分解菌，可在平板中添加刚果红染料，选取有透明圈的菌落，为了确定得到的为纤维素分解菌，还需要进行发酵产纤维素酶的实验。38.（15 分）（1）Ti 质粒上的 T-DNA 可转移 DNA，并将其整合到该细胞的染色体 DNA 上（2 分）限制酶和 DNA连接酶（2 分）能吸收周围环境中 DNA 分子（2 分）（2）含潮霉素的培养基（2 分）含有草甘膦抗性基因的愈伤组织（玉米细胞）（2 分）（3）一定激素和营养（2 分）生芽（2 分）生根（1 分）【解析】（1）采用 Ti 质粒转运草甘膦抗性基因的原因是 Ti 质粒上的 T-DNA 可转移 DNA，并将其整合到该细胞的染色体 DNA 上。过程用到了限制酶和 DNA 连接酶。过程用 Ca2+处理农杆菌细胞，使细胞处于一种能吸收周围环境中 DNA 分子的生理状态，然后与重组质粒混合，完成转化作用。（2）在培育抗除草剂玉米的过程中存在两次筛选，第一次筛选利用含潮霉素的培养基，筛选得到含基因表达载体的农杆菌；第二次筛选可利用 GUS 基因表达产物进行鉴定，目的是获得含有草甘膦抗性基因的愈伤组织（玉米细胞）。（3）脱分化需要在一定激素和营养等条件的诱导下进行，由愈伤组织到植株的再分化过程中，先诱导生芽再诱导生根，并且此过程每日需要给予适当时间和强度的光照。学科网（北京）股份有限公司2023 届高三二轮复习联考（一）全国卷2023 届高三二轮复习联考（一）全国卷英 语 试 题英 语 试 题注意事项：注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡上。2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。考试时间为 120 分钟，满分 150 分第一部分 听力（共两节，满分 30 分）第一部分 听力（共两节，满分 30 分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。第一节（共 5 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分 7.5 分）第一节（共 5 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分 7.5 分）听下面 5 段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有 10 秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1.What is the boy doing now?A.Making the bed.B.Doing his homework.C.Preparing for a birthday.2.When will the speakers have the meeting?A.At 10:00 a.m.B.At 10:30 a.m.C.At 2:00 p.m.3.How did the man probably feel about the event?A.Puzzled.B.Disappointed.C.Excited.4.Where does the woman come from?A.Britain.B.Singapore.C.China.5.What happened to Beck?A.He got sick.B.He was late again.C.He forgot to take notes.第二节（共 15 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分 22.5 分）第二节（共 15 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分 22.5 分）听下面 5 段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题 5 秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出 5 秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第 6 段材料，回答第6、7 题。6.What do we know about the woman?A.She drove too fast.B.She ran a red light.C.She forgot to wear a seat belt.7.What does the man expect the woman to do at last?A.Obey the traffic rules.B.Show her drivers license.C.Take responsibility for her family.听第 7 段材料，回答第 8 至 10 题。8.Why does the man suggest the woman go hiking?A.She can do some exercise.B.She will have more fun.C.She must keep her word,9.What does the man advise the woman to take for hiking?A.Some fruit.B.Some candies.C.A pair of sunglasses.10.What is the woman probably going to do next?A.Give Teresa a call.B.Buy a.pair of shoes.C.Have dinner with the man.听第 8 段材料，回答第 11 至 13 题。11.What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A.Father and daughter.B.Professor and student.C.Interviewer and interviewee.12.Why did the woman volunteer to teach?A.She had a deep love for education.B.She wanted to give back to society.C.She wanted to experience new things.13.What made the woman happiest about the volunteer experience?A.She became more patient.学科网（北京）股份有限公司B.She understood the world better.C.She got love from her students.听第 9 段材料，回答第 14 至 17 题。14.What is the woman doing?A.Introducing a painting.B.Holding an exhibition.C.Hosting a program.15.What do we know about Joe Smith?A.He settled down in the USA last year.B.He learned painting from his mother.C.He stuck to his dream all the time.16.How old was Joe Smith when he met his wife?A.26 years old.B.28 years old.C.30 years old.17.Who is Joe Smiths favorite painter?A.Monet.B.Van Gogh.C.Gauguin.听第 10 段材料，回答第 18 至 20 题。18.Where does Raden work?A.In the library.B.In the bookstore.C.In the newspaper.19.What does Raden want the kids to do?A.Read more books.B.Learn to sort the garbage.C.Stop spending time on the Internet.20.How much garbage does Raden collect every week?A.About 600kg.B.About 100kg C.About 200kg.第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，满分 40 分）第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，满分 40 分）第一节（共 15 小题；每小题 2 分，满分 30 分）第一节（共 15 小题；每小题 2 分，满分 30 分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。ATop Learning Websites for Children in 2023GoNoodleGoNoodle is an online resource designed to encourage physical activity among children.The website offers a wide selection of videos,games,and activities to get children moving inside or outside the classroom.The videos have a duration of anywhere between five to ten minutes.This is just about the right duration most students need before a lesson.The most outstanding aspect of the software is the variety of activities that children can participate in.Young Ocean ExplorersYoung Ocean Explorers is an online resource that focuses on environmental education and marine conservation.The website provides a wide variety of high-quality videos that teach children about marine lifes beauty and diversity.The website also tackles serious environmental issues like marine life endangerment,water pollution,overfishing,and other marine-related issues head-on.Theres also plenty of documentation on environmentalists doing what they can to save the environment.DeltaMathDeltaMath is an online math program designed to help teachers create math problems for exams and practice tests.The website features over 1,200different topics.Each topic consists of hundreds of randomly generated problems that are classified further into varying levels of difficulty.Most of the questions generated are multiple-choice or short answer,and the site automatically grades responses.Some questions allow students to move numbers and variables around to solve equations（方程式）.SpatulattaSpatulatta is a cooking website designed to introduce children to the culinary arts.The website aims to teach children basic cooking skills using easy-to-follow recipes with simple ingredients.You can find recipes for every meal of the day.And of course,theres a section on childrens all-time favorite desserts and drinks.21.What is the striking feature of Go Noodle?A.The variety of physical activities.B.The wide selection of short videos.学科网（北京）股份有限公司C.The unique teaching methods of teachers.D.The creative games on different subjects.22.Which website is helpful to teachers as well as students?A.DeltaMath.B.Spatulatta.C.GoNoodle.D.Young Ocean Explorers.23.Who is eager to learn from Spatulatta?A.A little sports fan.B.A young food lover.C.A little book worm.D.A crazy ocean explorer.BKala has deep ties to her Hawaiian roots.Her ancestors navigated（航行）the oceans for centuries using their knowledge of the stars,the sun,the currents and the wind.Its not that she does it in a canoe without technology,but rather uses the natural technology around her.Its called Way finding,and was taught to her by her father.“My father was my foundation,my rock.”she says of her first voyage with him from Oahu to Lahaina in a traditional canoe.He taught her how to read the stars,the ocean swells and how to use them to hold the course.Over 200 stars have specific names and purposes when you are Way finding.You have to look at each and determine if they are rising or setting.You know this star and the direction it represents.If you can do that，you can use it as a tool to orient（确定方向）.Kala added.Kala Tanaka sailed the canoe in the ocean for up to three weeks.During the day,Kala used the sun until it hit a certain height.When she got closer to land,she looked for certain species of land birds and clouds that indicated there was land below.When Kala sailed she feltI feel very connected to the crew and the canoe.Were a family.The longer voyage required Kala to spend hours studying the day and the night skies.It was demanding physical work.But it also had its moments of awe.For Kala,the beauty was in tying together the past and the present to enjoy the moment.So when she was not sailing,she was teaching Way finding skills to school-aged children in hopes of preserving the skills her ancestors relied on.Its easy to be lost in the immediacy of the technology of our day,to be consumed by screens and miss the nature that unfolds around us.But if we will take the time to look up,to see the stars and the sun,the way the clouds move,the miracle of life beneath and above us,we will discover something deep inside us,something that will always lead to happiness.24.How does Kala navigate the ocean in a canoe?A.By observing the natural elements around.B.By following the course of ocean currents.C.By using hi-technology navigation devices.D.By recalling the first voyage with her father.25.What did Kala think of the three-week canoe voyage?A.It was a heroic adventure.B.It brought great joy to her life.C.It was school childrens favorite.D.It represented a kind of innovation.26.What does the author suggest we do?A.Enjoy the screens.B.Explore the universe.C.Get close to nature.D.Keep the earth clean.27.What is the best title of the text？A.Finding Our Way B.Navigating the Ocean C.The Wisdom from Ancestors D.An Unforgettable JourneyCDr.Ofris new book,Singular Intimacies:Becoming a Doctor at Bellevue,recounts her experiences as a doctor at New Yorks Bellevue Hospital.NPRs Melissa Block,host of All Things Considered,recently spent a day at the hospital to get a sense of her world,through her relationships with her patients.Dr.Danielle Ofri is an attending physician in internal medicine at Bellevue.For her,poetry and literature are as much a part of the job as X-raysand pills.Shes written about her experiences there in the book,Singular Intimacies:Becoming a Doctor at Bellewe.Its a collection of essays about learning to listen to the narrative of her patients.Dr.Ofri tries to keep an ear tuned to the stories behind her patients medical complaints.Answers to questions about family or jobs may not help with medical diagnosis,but conversations like these can help gain a patients trust,and they help the doctor、too.At night、I recall our 学科网（北京）股份有限公司conversations,and wonder what else I could do for them.It makes me curious about them,Dr.Ofri says,so when I go back the next day,Im more connected with them.And I think a connection has healing powers.Most of the patients.brighten.when they talk about themselves and I think they actually feel better.A good part of Dr.Ofris day is also spent overseeing the work of new doctors.The days are filled with jargon（行业术语）and medical shorthand、But Dr.Ofri also tries to inject another kind of language into the training;poetry.She carves out five minutes or so each day to gather with her interns and read a poem.She calls it her“literary rounds.Through these brief pauses in the day,she says shes giving her students“a chance to let the other part of their brain flower a little bit.Im just hoping the experience of doing that is helpful,and also trains my students to listen more carefully to patients.she said.28.Why did Melissa Block recently go to Bellevue Hospital?.A.To make friends with Dr.Ofri.B.To receive.medical treatment.C.To know about Dr.Ofris experiences.D.To collect essays.on treatment.29.What does the third paragraph mainly focus on?A.The stories behind illnesses.B.The effect of family and jobs.C.The benefits of listening to patients.D.The healing powers of conversations.30.What does the underlined word injectin paragraph 4 mean?A.Cut.B.Change.C.Accept.D.Add.31.Why does Dr.Ofri hold“literary rounds”for new doctors?A.To encourage them to write books.B.To improve their humanistic quality.C.To prepare an entire career for them.D.To make their brain grow and flower.DChildhood obesity（肥胖）isnt only caused by over eating.A lot of environmental and lifestyle variablessuch as skipping breakfast,irregular sleeping patterns and less sleep timealso contribute towards this disturbing trend,says a new study.According to the study conducted by University College Londons researchers,children who skip b