高中英语高考复习宾语从句知识讲解.doc

1、高考英语宾语从句知识讲解一、什么是宾语从句白话版：在复合句中，充当宾语的成分是一个句子，这个句子代替了原来用一个词表示的宾语，我们称之为宾语从句。进阶版：置于动词、介词等词性后面，在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。具体结构为：主句+引导词+宾语从句（宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序）比如：简单句：We(主语) knew(谓语) that(宾语).复合句(宾语从句)：We knew that we should go home.宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句，有些形容词(afraid，sure，g

2、lad等)之后也可以带宾语从句。宾语从句过三关：语序，引导词，时态。二、动词、介词、形容词后的宾语从句1)动词+宾语从句We knew that we should go home.这类动词一般是及物动词(vt.)，即后面能直接加宾语的动词，比如：give, tell 等。但像arrive就不能直接加宾语，如果要加宾语，后面需要加介词。2)介词+宾语从句They are talking about whether it will rain tomorrow.常见介词：in, at, on 等等。3)形容词+宾语从句I am sure that he can come on time.后面可以直

3、接加宾语从句的形容词有：pleased, glad, happy, afraid, surprised, certain, sorry等。 三、语序 无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句连接词（引导词）宾语从句（主语谓语）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：1)连接词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有: who, what, which等。Could you tell me who knows the answer，please？你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？The small children dont know what is in t

4、heir stockings.这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西。2)连接词名词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有: whose, what, which, how many, how much等。He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.老师问我们房间里有多少人。3)连接词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有: who(m), what, which,

5、 how many, how much, when, why, how, where, if/whether(在句中不充当任何成分)等。He hasnt decided if hell go on a trip to Wuxi.他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。Could you tell me what I should do with the money？你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？4)连接词名词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有: what, which, how many, how much, how等。Do you know which class he is in

6、?你知道他在哪个班吗？She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。四、引导词 1)that当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，不充当句子成分，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。I expect (that) the plane would be diverted.2)if/whether当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”，不充当句子成分，但不能省略。I dont know if/whether he still lives here after so many years.3)特

7、殊疑问词如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导疑问代词：what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever.有词义，充当句子成分（主语、宾语、表语和定语；一般充当主语或宾语，whose 充当定语） Well do whatever we can to save him.疑问副词：where(地点), when(时间), how(方式), why(原因).有词义，充当句子成分（状语）He knows where they live.Tell us how you are getting on now.以上三类总结起来就是：that: 不充当成分，无意

8、义，可以省略；If/whether: 不充当成分，有意义，不可省略；疑问代词/副词: 充当成分，有意义，不可省略。记忆口诀：陈述句用that，一般疑问句if或whether，特殊问句用疑问词。五、九种宾语从句不省略that 1)放句首表强调That he is a good person, we all know.2)主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语Just then I noticed, for the first time, that he prepared to talk to us.3)有间接宾语时Lucy told me that she would not come to sc

9、hool tomorrow.4)当 it 作形式宾语时We have made it clear that we will learn to deal with various difficult problems.5)介词besides、beyond、but、except、in、save 后的宾语从句The man stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly.6)主句中的动词后有 2 个或以上的宾语从句，第二个及以后的 that 不可省I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon

10、 and that(不可省略) they will come to the party.7)宾语从句本身是一个复合句He said that if he came back early, he could come for the meeting.8)当 that 从句单独用来回答问题时-What did he say at the meeting?-That the situation was serious.9)在较为正式或不常用的动词后，如reply, objectHe replied that he badly mastered the language.注：以上9种情况考察频率依次递

11、减六、if和whether的区别 if和whether都可译为是否，在从句中不作句子成分，二者引导宾语从句时通常可以互相替换，口语中多用if代替whether。1)只能用whether，不能用if 引导的宾语从句当宾语从句中，紧接or not 时，只用whether ,否则都可。Let me know whether/if you can come or not.当宾语从句提到句首时，只能用whether ,不能用if。Whether it is true, I cant tell.whether 可以引导带to 的不定式，而if不行。I dont know whether to accept

12、.whether 可以放在介词后，做介词的宾语，而if不可以。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.若if有歧义，只能用whether。Please let me know whether you want to go.( 如果换成 if ，则可能被误解为“如果想来，请告诉我“）动词discuss, decide, consider, sure等后习惯上也常用Whether引导从句，不用if。Time for her to decide whether she wants to continue the journey.引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用

13、whether。Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否能来还是个问题。The question is whether we can catch the bus.问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。2)只能用if，不能用whether 引导的宾语从句if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时He asked if I didnt come to school yesterday.引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if

14、（好像）时He talks as if he has known all about it.总结：只能用whether，不能用if当宾语从句中，强调任意选择出现or或紧接or not 时，只用whether，不用if；当宾语从句提到句首时，只能用whether，不能用if；whether 可以引导带to 的不定式，而if不行；whether 可以放在介词后，做介词的宾语，而if不可以；若if有歧义，只能用whether。动词discuss, decide, consider, sure等后习惯上也常用Whether引导从句，不用if。引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。只能用if，不能

15、用whetherif引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”；if引导否定概念的宾语从句时；引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好像）时。七、时态1)主现从不限。（主句是某种现在的时态，从句没有限制）宾语从句中，如果主句是现在时态（包括一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态根据实际情况来定，不受主句限制。I know she lives here.I know she lived here ten years ago.2)主过从必过。（客观真理除外）宾语从句中，如果主句是过去时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时等），那么从句的时态一定也是用过去的时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时等）。S

16、he told me that she was 15 last year.3)客观真理永一现。 如果宾语从句讲述的是某种客观真理，这个时候，需要用一般现在时。She told her daughter that the earth is round.八、否定转移1)什么叫宾语从句的否定转移？ 就是宾语从句表示否定时，将否定词 not 转移到主句中 举例：“我认为他不会来” 该怎么说呢？ 你可能会说：- I think he will not come.但更地道的表述是：- I dont think he will come. 就是那种我不否定你，我只否定我自己的感觉。2)什么时候进行否定转移呢

17、？进行否定转移通常要满足三个条件：主句的主语是第一人称 I 和 we主句的谓语动词是表示“认为”、“相信”、“期望” 等主观想法的词常见：think、believe、suppose、expect、imagine、feel主句时态为一般现在时I dont believe that they can accomplish the task in such a short timeWe dont imagine that they will join the competition.九、宾语从句后置1)什么是宾语从句后置？就是用一个“it”来代替整个宾语，然后将宾语从句的位置移到句末。2)什么情况下

18、会出现宾语从句后置？“喜、怒、哀、乐”appreciate, enjoy, like, dislike, love, hate, prefer.We would appreciate it if you could set up our payment arrangement.如果你能安排付款，我们会非常感激。“认为、发现”think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose.He hasnt made it known when he is going to get married.他还没宣布他何时结婚。I consider it wrong to cheat

19、 in an examination.我认为考试作弊是错误的。介词后answer for, depend on, rely on, insist on, look to, see to, stick to.You can depend on it that he will finish the job on time.你可以相信他会按时完成这项工作。十、简化宾语从句常用六法娃们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同（或相近）的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法：1)当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promi

20、se等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.We decided that we would help him. We decided to help him.2)当主句谓语动词是know, learn, remember, forget, tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。She has forgotten how she can open the window. S

21、he has forgotten how to open the window.注：当主句谓语动词是tell, ask, show, teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。Could you tell me how I can get to the station？Could you tell me how to get to the station？3)当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。The headmaster ordere

22、d that we should start at once. The headmaster ordered us to start at once.4)某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。He insisted that he should go with us. He insisted on going with us.The poor boy doesnt know when and where he was born. The poor boy doesnt know the time and the place of his birth.5)某些动词后面的

23、宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.6)动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。It seemed that the boys were going to win. The boys seemed to win.除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。I found that it was difficult to lear

24、n English well. I found it difficult to learn English well.Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.They found that the box was very heavy. They found the box very heavy.十一、宾语从句和状语从句的区分1) I will go out tomorrow if it is fine. 2) I do

25、nt know if the train has arrived.句1中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”，修饰主句。整个句子的意思是：如果明天天气好，我就出去。句2中if引导的是宾语从句，充当谓语动词dont know的宾语。整个句子的意思是：我不知道火车是否到达。判断方法：1)可以从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面（个别除外），宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后。2)从引导词看。if充当宾语从句的连接词时，相当于whether， 词义为“是否”，充当状语从句的连接词时，词义为“如果”。when充当宾语从句的连接词时，意为“什么时候”，充当状语从句的连接词时，意为“当的

26、时候”。2)从时态看。if和when作连接词时，引导宾语从句要注意：从句的谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化。if和when充当从属连词时，引导条件和时间状语从句，若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来。Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？你知道他明天什么时候回来吗？Sorry, I dont knowWhen he comes back，Ill tell you对不起，不知道。当他回来了，我将告诉你。I dont know if he will come我不知道他是否会来。He will come if

27、it doesnt rain如果不下雨，他会来的。十二、其他需要说明的问题1)标点由主句决定，如主句是陈述句、祈使句，则用句号；是疑问句则用问号。I heard she had been to the Great Wall. Can you tell me which bus I should take?2)要注意个别句子中主从句人称的一致。3)宾语从句的附加疑问句。宾语从句的复合句在变成反意疑问句时，如果主句的谓语动词为 think, guess, believe, suppose 等且主语为第一人称时，附加部分要由从句决定；如果主句不是 think 等上述动词或谓语动词是这些词且主语不是第一人称时，附加部分由主句决定。 I think that he is right, isnt he? I dont believe he is a student, is he?He supposes that she will come tonight, doesnt he? He never said he was a good student, did he? 6