2023届高三英语二轮复习强化练6：说明类阅读理解题.docx

1、强化练6阅读理解题（说明文类）一、科普知识类AEverypersonyawns.Sodomanyothervertebrate(有脊椎的) animals，includingsnakes，dogs，cats，sharks，andchimpanzees.Whileyawningiscontagious(会传染的)，noteveryonecatchesayawn.Around60%70%ofpeopleyawniftheyseeanotherpersonyawninreallifeorinaphotoorevenreadaboutyawning.Contagiousyawningalsooccur

2、sinanimals，butitdoesntnecessarilyworkthesamewayasinpeople.Scientistshaveproposedmanytheoriesforwhywecatchyawns.Probablythemostpopulartheoryisthatyawningservesasaformofnonverbalcommunication.Catchingayawnshowsyoureaccustomedtoapersonsemotions.Scientificevidencecomesfroma2010studyattheUniversityofConn

3、ecticut，whichconcludedyawningdoesnotbecomecontagiousuntilachildisaboutfouryearsoldwhenempathy(共情) skillsdevelop.Inthestudy，childrenwithautism，whomayhaveimpairedempathydevelopment，caughtyawnslessoftenthantheirpeers.Studyingcontagiousyawninginotheranimalsmayprovidecluestohowpeoplecatchyawns.Contagious

4、yawninginanimalsmayserveasameansofcommunication.Siamesefightingfishyawnwhentheyseetheirmirrorimageoranotherfightingfish，generallyjustpriortoanattack.Contagiousyawningislinkedtotemperature，inbothanimalsandpeople.Mostscientistsspeculateitisathermoregulatorybehavior，whilesomeresearchersbelieveitisusedt

5、ocommunicateapotentialthreatorstressfulsituation.A2010studyofbudgerigars(虎皮鹦鹉) foundthatyawningincreasedastemperaturewasraisednearbodytemperature.Peoplecommonlyyawnwhentiredorbored.Similarbehaviorisseeninanimals.Onestudyfoundthebraintemperatureinsleepdeprivedratswashigherthantheircoretemperature.Yaw

6、ningreducedbraintemperature，possiblyimprovingbrainfunction.Researcherswilldofurtherstudyonthis.1Whatcanwelearnaboutyawningfromparagraph1?AAllanimalsyawn.BReadingaboutyawningmaymakeapersonyawn.COnlyvertebrateanimalsyawn.DYawningworksthesameforhumanandanimals.2Whydoestheauthormentionchildrenwithautism

7、inparagraph2?AToproveatheory.BTodefineaconcept.CTodevelopthetheme.DToprovidethebackground.3Siamesefightingfishyawnto.AshowkindnessBfindapartnerCgiveathreatDescapefromdanger4Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?AMoreresearchonyawningwillbecarriedoutinthefuture.BTemperatureisnotafactorconcerningyawning.CTh

8、esecrettoyawninghasbeenworkedout.DYawningcanimprovebrainfunctiongreatly.B(2022广东茂名二模)Usingthepowerofartificialintelligence(AI)，scientistshaverevealednewinsightsintothecreationanddestructionofmassextinction.Contrarytoconventionalknowledge，theirstudysuggeststhatlargerextinctionsarenotalwaysaformof“cre

9、ativedestruction”thatallowsneworganisms(生物体) toradiateandevolve.Instead，itsuggeststhatmassextinctionisrarelyassociatedwithnewspeciesofradiation.Dr.HoyalCuthill，theleadstudyauthorfromtheUniversityofEssexintheUKandtheTokyoInstituteofTechnology，saidinastatement，“Someofthemostchallengingthingstoundersta

10、ndthehistoryoflifearethevasttimelinesinvolvedandthenumberofspecies.Newmachinelearningapplicationscanhelpusunderstandthisinformationinhuman-readableform.Thismeansthatwecan，sotospeak，holdtheevolutionofhalfabillionyearsinthepalmofourhandandgainnewinsightsfromwhatwesee.”Theyconcludedthatmassextinctionan

11、dlaterradiationwerenotconnectedaspreviouslythought.Within5percentofthemostsignificantperiodsofdisruption(中断)，AIdetected“bigfive”massextinctions，sevenmoremassextinctions，twomassextinction-radiationevents，and15massradiations.Mostimportantly，itdiscoversthatmassiveradiationandextinctionrarelyoccurredwit

12、heachother，changingtheviewthatgreaterextinctionleadstoakindofdeepcycle-likespeciesradiationofnature.Itappearsthatlargerextinctionsarecertainlynottheengineofevolutionaryradiation.TaketheCambrianeruptionforexampleanditwasabout41millionyearsagowhenalargegroupofanimalsfirstappearedontherecordofthefirstf

13、ossilrecordandthedawnofahighmobileanimalequippedwithmodernphysicalfeatures.Thisnewstudyfoundthatahandfulofothernotableexplosionsofbiodiversity，includingtheCambrianeruption，usuallyoccurredatatimewhentheywerelargelyisolated(隔离) fromextinction.Dr.NicholasGuttenberg，astudyco-authorfromtheTokyoInstituteo

14、fTechnologyexplained，“Ecosystemsaredynamicandyoudontneedanythingtoexisttoallowsomethingnewtoappear.”5Whatdoesthefirstparagraphserveas?AAnexplanationofartificialintelligence.BAbackgroundofresearchersstudy.CThereasonsforcreativedestruction.DTheresultofresearchersnewstudy.6WhatcanweinferfromDr.HoyalCut

15、hillswords?AAIcontributesalottothestudyofevolution.BUnderstandingthehistoryoflifeisverydifficult.CNewAImachineslearnapplicationsbetter.DBiologicalevolutioncanbecontrolledeasily.7Whatistheresearchersdiscovery?AMassextinctionisunlikelytocauseevolutionaryradiation.BThefirstanimalwithmodernfeaturesoccur

16、redduringeruption.CThevolcaniceruptionledtoamassextinctionandradiation.DTheideaofdeepcycle-likespeciesradiationhasturnedouttrue.8Whatisthetextmainlyabout?ANewprocessesofbiologicalevolution.BNewviewofradiationfromnaturalspecies.CNewunderstandingofmassextinction.DNewoutbreaksofbiologicalpopulations.C(

17、2022湖北十一校联考)MidwaythroughTheMatrix，Cypherfeastsonanenormoussteak，wellawarethathisrealityisnotreal，partofadigitalprogramtellinghisbrainthatthesteakisaconstructionandthatitis“juicyanddelicious”Twodecadesafterthemoviemadeitsfirstappearance，somethingunexpectedarises：Thefutureofrealitywillnotonlybevirtua

18、lbutalsosynthetic(合成的)Cyphersfuturemealwillbeaphysicalone，synthesizedfromanimalcells.Andthesynthesisgoesbeyonddinner.Startingwithcomponentsfromthenaturalworld，scientistsarelearningtoengineermicroorganismsandbuildbiocomputingsystems.However，biologyhasatendencytoevolveinunexpectedways.Synthesizedmeati

19、sonecaseinpoint.Thedrivingforcesbehindthemeatmovementarepractical.Ithasbeenestimatedthatcultured(培育的) meatwouldrequire7to45percentlessenergyandproduce78to96percentlessgreenhousegasthanconventionalanimalsfarmedforconsumption.Butoncewereabletosynthesizemeat，theoretically，wellhavethecapabilitytoculture

20、meatfromanyanimal，eventhosewedneverconsidereatingtoday，likedolphinsorchimpanzees，whichwillposeanewregulatorychallengeforus.Usingsyntheticbiology，wecaneveneditandrewritelife，thetechnologyofwhichisalreadyinuse.In2021，scientistsinsomecountriesannouncedtheyhadgrownmonkeyembryosinjectedwithhumanstemcells

21、.Herecomesthesituationworthconsidering：suchamonkey-humanhybridwilldemonstratequalitiesthataresomewherebetweenhumans，onwhichexperimentationisntallowed，andanimals，whichareoftenraisedspecificallyforresearch.Howwillwedecidewhenananimalbecomestoohuman?Dependingonwhereyoustand，thesyntheticrealitieslandsom

22、ewherebetween“reallyexciting”and“criticallyconcerning”Asindividuals，weundertakeasharedresponsibilitytomakegoodchoicesaboutthiscomingsynthetictechnology.9WhatdoweknowaboutCypherssteakinthemovie?AItisanythingbutappetizing.BItisenjoyedinavirtualworld.CItissynthesizedfromanimalcell.DItisaconstructionmad

23、ebyhimself.10Whatstheadvantageofsynthesizedmeat?AItismorenutritious.BItismoreenergy-consuming.CItismoreenvironment-friendly.DItismorecontrollableinregulation.11Whatistheauthorsattitudetotheexperimentinparagraph4?ACautious.BFavorable.CPessimistic.DIndifferent.12Whatisthepurposeofthetext?ATopopularize

24、synthetictechnology.BToindicatechallengesofsynthetictechnology.CTostresstheimportanceofsynthetictechnology.DTointroducethedevelopmentofsynthetictechnology.二、生态环保类A(2022河北石家庄二中质检)Whenitcomestobecomingeco-conscious，manypeoplechoosetostartwithsomethingsimple：recycling.Butitsnotassimpleaseveryoneseemsto

25、believe.Indeed，thedesireforsomepeopletorecyclecanleadtoill-informeddecisionsaboutwhatcanandcannotberecycled，andnon-recyclableobjectsareaccidentallyputintotherecyclingbin.Thepracticeiswhatisknownaswishcycling.Wishcyclingboilsdowntotheideathatjustaboutanythingcanberecycled，andthatifyouputitintoarecycl

26、ingbin，thosewhoareresponsibleforitwillfindawaytorecycleit.Thisisobviouslynottrue，because，despiteeverythingthatyouvebeentoldbythemedia，noteverythingisrecyclable.Smallnon-recyclableobjectsthatareattachedtorecyclablesaregenerallyacceptable.Forexample，glueandtapeattachedtopaperwillberemovedintherecyclin

27、gprocesswithoutanytrouble.Butimproperlyrecyclingbrokeneyeglasses，plasticshoppingbags，foodwasteandgreasy(油渍) pizzaboxescouldcauseproblemstotherecyclingprocess.Theobjectsintherecyclingbinaretypicallysortedbymachinesatrecyclingcenters，notpeople.Thesecomplexmachinesaredesignedtoseparateplastics，paper，an

28、dotherrecyclables.Ifsomethingisthrownintothebinthatshouldntbethere，itcouldendupdamagingthemachine，whichmeanstherecyclingcentercouldlosetimeandmoneyeverytimepeopledecidetowishcycle.Sometimes，anon-recyclableobjectisabletosneak(溜)pastthesesortingmachines.Ifthishappens，thenon-recyclableobjectendsupinalo

29、adofrecyclablesthatwillbesoldfortherecyclingcentertomakeaprofit.However，havingjustonenon-recyclablethingmixedincanpollutetheentireloadofrecyclables，whichhastobethrownaway.Sowhatyouasaconsumerneedtodoismakeyourownrecyclingpracticemostfunctional.Thebestwayistoeducateyourself.Therearecertaingeneralrule

30、swhenitcomestorecyclingthateveryoneshouldknow.1Whatdoweknowaboutwishcycling?AItismisledbythemedia.BItleadstoabetterecology.CItisrelatedtoillintentions.DItcomesfrompeopleshope.2Whichofthefollowingcanbeputintotherecyclingbinaccordingtothepassage?APaperwithglueonit.BOilypizzaboxes.CPlasticshoppingbags.

31、DLeft-overfood.3Whatisparagraph5about?ATheproblemsfromwishcycling.BTheneedtoupdatethemachines.CThereasonsformakinglessprofit.DTheobjectsunsuitableforrecycling.4Whatmightbetalkedaboutintheparagraphthatfollows?AReducingwaste.BMakingrules.CRecyclingproperly.DConsumingwisely.B(2022山东潍坊二模)Itsasimpleyetef

32、fectivemessagethatappeals，andleadstoasatisfyingwayofmotivatingustopromoteenvironmentalisminourownway.BorninNairobi，LeseinMutunkeiisinhislateteens，andhisTrees4Goalsisthemeanswithwhichheintendstomaketheworldgreener.Itunitestwoofhisself-declaredpassionsinlife：loveoftheoutdoors，withhisloveoffootball.Les

33、einenjoyedwalkingintheforest，butrecognisedhiscountrywasexperiencingaseriouslossoftreecover.Between2001and2020，Kenyalostanestimated11%oftrees，releasingasmanyas176milliontonsofCO2.InablogpostforWWFKenya，Leseinrevealedthat，oncehestartedtheTrees4Goalsinitiative，heoriginallyplannedtoplantonetreepergoal.B

34、y2020，hewantedtotakehiseffortsevenfurther.Whatstartedasonetreeplantedpergoalmushroomedinto11treesplantedpergoal.Explainingthereasoningbehindexpandingthetree-planting，hesaid，“Itrepresentsteameffortinfootballandthecontributionbymyteam.Ihavemanagedtohitthe1,000thtreemilestoneinthelasttwoyears.”Whileits

35、somethingofanown_goaltodestroytheforestsandjunglesprovidingenormousbiodiversity，innovativeinitiativeslikeTrees4Goalsareanassuredwaytoscoreanenvironmentalisthat-trick.Footballispopular.Itcutsthroughculturalbarriersirrespectiveofthecountryitisplayedin.Byincreasingthetreesplantedpergoal，withmoresuchini

36、tiativesspringingup，evenmorewillbegrown.Likeaseed，bestideasstartsmallandchangeintosomethingthatcanbecomefarlargerthananticipated.WhileLeseincontinuesplanting11treespergoal，Kenyangovernmentisaimingtoensuretheplantingof1.8billiontreestoreach10%forestcoverage.Thesciencebehindisclear：if900millionhectare

37、saredevotedtohalfatrilliontrees，theworldcanoffset(抵消) halfofallcarbonreleasedsince1960.5WhatgaveLeseintheideaoflaunchingtheproject?AReleaseoftoomuchCO2.BDreamofmotivatingothers.CPassionforsportsandnature.DHabitofexercisinginthewoods.6WhatdidLeseindoin2020?AHecreatedablogforWWF.BHemultipliedhiscommit

38、ment.CHeplantedonetreeforeachgoal.DHeextendedhisworktootherteams.7Whatdotheunderlinedwords“owngoal”inparagraph4referto?AAimthatisintendedtoachieve.BActionthatharmsonesowninterests.CPursuittowardwhicheffortisdirected.DGoalthatisscoredfortheopposingteam.8WhatcanwelearnfromLeseinsstory?AUnited，wewin.BN

39、opains，nogains.CLoveme，lovemydog.DSmalldeeds，bigdifference.CIn2007，theAfricanUnionannouncedanambitiousprojecttoplanttheGreatGreenWall(GGW)，abandoftreesthatwouldstretchthelengthoftheSahel.TheGGWisanecologicalrestorationprojectdesignedbyAfricanpeopleforAfricanpeople.Heavyrains，droughts，wildfiresandlan

40、dslideshaveallbecomecommonthroughouttheworld.ButnowhereisquiteliketheSahel.InthishugeAfricanregion，climatechangehasmaterializedinadramaticmanner.Insomecases，thesevereconditionshaveleftpeoplewithnooptionotherthantomigrateelsewheretosurvive.Itwaswithallofthisinmindthattheextraordinary，butheavilydebate

41、dprojectwasfirstputforward.Fourteenyearshavepassedsincetheinitiativeformallykickedoff.Thestatedgoalwastocreatea15-kilometre-wide,8,000-kilometre-longgreenbeltoftreesandotherplantsthat，by2030，wouldspan(跨越) theentirewidthoftheSahel，fromSenegaltoDjibouti.Overall,100millionhectares(公顷)oflandwouldberesto

42、redby2030.Oncecompleted，itwasannounced，thewallcouldendupcapturing(俘获) 250milliontonnesofcarbondioxide，whileitscreationandupkeepcouldcreatetenmillionjobsinruralareas.Lookingattheprojectasawhole，theresstillalongwaytogo.AccordingtoastatusreportbytheUNConventiontoCombatDesertification，aboutfourmillionhe

43、ctaresofdegradedlandhavebeenrestored.Thismeansthatprogresstowardsthe100millionhectarestargetstandsatjustfourpercent.“Whenwestartedrestoringthesoil，werealizedtheareaatriskwasmuchwiderthanweinitiallythought，”explainsElvisPaulTangem，theAfricanUnionsGGWcoordinator.“Wehadfewfundstopushtheinitiativeasmuch

44、aswewantedto.Therewasskepticismamonginvestors，whodidntunderstandtheproject，butalsoamongtheAfricanstatesthemselves，whichneededtimetofigureoutiftheGGWwasapriority.”9WhatisthepurposeoftheGGWproject?AToimprovelocalecology.BTodevelopruraleconomy.CTopredictclimatepatterns.DTostrengthenregionalties.10Whatd

45、othestatisticsinparagraph3showoftheinitiative?ATheserviceperiod.BThetotalbudget.CThetargetedgroups.DTheexpectedbenefits.11HowdoesElvisPaulTangemfeelabouttheproject?ASkeptical.BWorried.CConfident.DSatisfied.12Whatmessagedoestheauthorintendtoconveyinthetext?AAfricancountriesshouldstandtogether.BTheprogressoftheGGWprojectisslow.CFightingclimatechangeisourtoppriority.DNaturaldisastersareworsethanwethought.9