医学精品课件:lead poinsing.ppt
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1、toysporcelaincosmeticsfoodTraditional Chinese medicine密陀僧黑锡丹二味黑锡丹 Physical and chemical properties理化特性理化特性 Occupational exposure接触机会接触机会 Toxicity毒理毒理 Clinical manifestation临床表现临床表现 Diagnosis诊断诊断 Therapy治疗治疗 prevention预防预防Lead poinsingPhysical and chemical propertiesColorColorlight gray to a slight b
2、luish grey colorlight gray to a slight bluish grey colorTenacitymalleable,ductile and sectile(延展性,柔软性和可切割性)Density11.34g/cm3Specific gravitySpecific gravity11.311.3Atomic weight207.20Melting pointMelting point327327Boiling point1525Physical and chemical propertiesp Lead dust is the general existing
3、state in the industrial productionp Different lead oxide shows different colors(lead suboxide,lead mono-oxide,dilead trioxide,lead tetraoxide)400500氧化亚铅氧化铅四氧化三铅四氧化三铅三氧化二铅三氧化二铅选矿选矿采矿采矿提炼提炼冶炼冶炼精炼精炼p Lead miners and lead smelters and refiners铅矿破碎铅矿研磨Occupational exposureOccupational exposurep Accumulat
4、or battery manufacturingOccupational exposurep Print industryp paintToxicitypAbsorption:there are mainly three invasive ways enter the body.Respiratory tract is probably the most significant route of absorption in most occupational cases.And then gastrointestinal tract.Skin is the last.u Lead as a f
5、ume or very fine particulate is readily deposited in and absorbed through the lungs.Larger particles that are inhaled will usually be trapped by the mucociliary defensive system;unfortunately,most lead that is cleared from the tracheobronchial tree is swallowed.u Lead dust that contaminates hands,cl
6、othing,food,and tobacco products may also be ingested.Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is particularly efficient in children.u Although organic lead compounds,such as tetraethyl lead,can be absorbed through the skin,inorganic lead cannot.呼吸道(主要)迅速 40%的氧化铅入血循环 (肺泡的弥散作用及吞噬细胞的吞噬)消化道(其次)较慢 5%-
7、10%经肝静脉入肝(由胆汁排入肠内,随粪便排出)皮肤:无机铅化合物不能通过完整的皮肤。有机铅化合物能通过皮肤和粘膜(四乙基铅)毒理毒理-吸收吸收ToxicitypDistribution:Once lead is absorbed into blood,the majority lead dust is binding to human erythrocyte.And then it is distributed to soft tissues and bones,soft-tissue concentrations are highest in the liver and kidneys难溶
8、难溶磷酸铅磷酸铅ToxicitypExcretion:Lead is largely excreted during the urine,and to a small extent,in the feces,excretion is slow,with estimates of a half-life as long as 10 years.Lead also crosses the blood-brain barrier and the placenta.为什么妊娠及哺乳期为什么妊娠及哺乳期的妇女要脱离铅作业?的妇女要脱离铅作业?Toxicity-toxicological mechanis
9、m 影响卟啉代谢,导致铅毒性贫血 血管痉挛 红细胞脆性增加,毛细血管通透性增加 对神经鞘细胞的直接毒作用,引起神经纤维节段性脱髓鞘l Lead is capable of restraining some enzymes in porphyrin metabolism and causing an increase of its metabolites in urine or blood,such as ALA,FEP,etcl Lead can cause vasospasml It can increase erythrocyte fragility and capillary perme
10、abilityl It can rusult in nerve fiber segmental demyelination due to its direct toxic action on neurilemma cellToxicity-toxicological mechanism血红素的生物合成及铅对合成过程的影响血红素的生物合成及铅对合成过程的影响Clinical manifestationl急性铅中毒:急性铅中毒:多由经口摄入大量铅化合物多由经口摄入大量铅化合物引起,多表现为胃肠道症状,少数出现中引起,多表现为胃肠道症状,少数出现中毒性脑病。生产过程中急性中毒已少见,毒性脑病。生产过
11、程中急性中毒已少见,职业性中毒多为慢性中毒。职业性中毒多为慢性中毒。慢性铅中毒慢性铅中毒:(:(chronic lead poisoning)l神经系统:神经系统:主要表现为类神经征,外周神主要表现为类神经征,外周神经炎,严重者出现中毒性脑病经炎,严重者出现中毒性脑病lNervous system:Nervous system:Lead may cause Similarity Neurotic Symptom,peripheral neuropathy and toxic encephacopathyClinical manifestation表现为头昏、头痛、全身表现为头昏、头痛、全身无力
12、、记忆力减退、睡眠无力、记忆力减退、睡眠障碍、多梦等障碍、多梦等 可分为感觉型、运动型和混合型。可分为感觉型、运动型和混合型。感觉型感觉型的表现为肢端麻木,四肢末端呈手的表现为肢端麻木,四肢末端呈手套袜子型感觉障碍。套袜子型感觉障碍。运动型运动型:Usually manifested by motor weakness and,in severe cases,by wrist drop or foot drop.表现为头痛、恶心、呕吐、高热、表现为头痛、恶心、呕吐、高热、烦躁、抽搐、嗜睡、精神障碍,昏烦躁、抽搐、嗜睡、精神障碍,昏迷等症状,类似癫痫发作或局部脑迷等症状,类似癫痫发作或局部脑损害
13、等综合征。损害等综合征。腕下垂腕下垂Clinical manifestationl消化系统:消化系统:食欲不振、恶心、隐性腹痛、腹食欲不振、恶心、隐性腹痛、腹胀、腹泻或便秘。重者出现腹绞痛胀、腹泻或便秘。重者出现腹绞痛(abdominal angina)lDigestive system:gastrointestinal symptoms can occur,including anepithymia,nausea,abdominal pain,abdominal distension,diarrhea or constipation.Clinical manifestationl Hemat
14、opoietic system:Lead causes a normochromic normocytic anemia.In which red cells may show characteristic basophilic stippling.Even when patients are not frankly anemic,their hemoglobin values are usually depressed and typically rise slightly during recovery.When patients are frankly anemic,it is ofte
15、n due,in part,to hemolysis related to lead effects on the red cell membrane.p 血液和造血系统:低血液和造血系统:低色素性的正常红色素性的正常红细胞性贫血,呈现特征性的嗜碱性点细胞性贫血,呈现特征性的嗜碱性点彩细胞。彩细胞。p 病人贫血时,部分原因是由于铅对红病人贫血时,部分原因是由于铅对红细胞膜产生影响而发生溶血。细胞膜产生影响而发生溶血。点彩红细胞点彩红细胞Clinical manifestationl其它:其它:齿龈边铅线(齿龈边铅线(Pb+HPb+H2 2S PbS+HS PbS+H2 2 ),),Fancon
16、iFanconi综综合征,对生殖系统的损伤。合征,对生殖系统的损伤。铅线铅线Clinical manifestationlThe renal effects of lead:Lead principally affects the renal tubular cells.Aminoaciduria may develop,and abnormalities of uric acid excretion may lead to episodes of gout.With severe poisoning,end-stage renal disease may occurlIn men,lead
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