2022年中考英语 考点专项突破ppt课件：第四节 阅读理解.pptx

1、01考点解读020304考点梳理真题剖析实战提分 第三章第三章专题专项突破专题专项突破 阅读阅读理解理解 01考点解读 主要考查学生对语篇阅读的理解能力、对信息提取的能力，要求考生在快速阅读的过程中,准确捕捉关键的事实和细节，理解文章的表层信息,挖掘字里行间的深层含义,推测出作者没有说明的态度、意图.段落大意、中心思想、事情的结局等。它是集语言习惯、语法、词汇、词组、短语、历史、地理、人文等英语语言基础知识和日常知识为一体,综合考查考生初步运用英语能力的有效手段。命题趋势 阅读理解命题的方向由时间、地点姓名、身份、职业、动作、过程、人物等一些细节问题，转向对全文整体意义的理解程度;由短文的表层

2、现象转向对文章深层含义的理解和逻辑推理判断能力,有时还涉及人文及日常生活的基本知识。命题的类型有判断正误、图表应用和一般选择等。判断正误是阅读理解题型的一种,它主要考查考生的认知能力和理解能力,要求考生根据短文内容,判断所给句子的意思是否与文章的内容相符。图表应用和一-般选择题型主要考查考生的阅读理解和推理判断能力,要求考生就短文内容,根据所给句子的意思，结合所提供的选项,选择正确的答案。02考点梳理考点梳理(一)阅读理解的选材 阅读理解的文章选材范围广泛，题材丰富、具有时代性、实用性、教育性等特点,可涉及日常生活、政治、社会、文化、科技、历史、地理、风土人情、人物传记、实用文体等。阅读内容有

3、故事类(名人逸事、哲理故事、幽默故事)，科普类,应用文(广告、图表)，文化等多种题材。内容贴近学生生活实际，关注社会热点，时代气息浓厚。在体裁上主要以记叙文、说明文和应用文为主,有时也会有议论文。(二)阅读理解的问题设置类型 阅读理解的问题设置主要有以下几类:1.事实细节题考查考生把握文章的事实和细节的能力,其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语,也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子,但句式、用词和表达方式有可能不同。2.主旨大意题考查考生掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力,所提问题主要涉及文章的中心思想、主要内容、标题、作者的态度、目的、文章的语气等。3

4、.推理判断题考查考生对阅读材料全篇逻辑关系的理解,对文章各段,各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。这类题要求考生脱离字面理解的局限,透过文章的字里行间,对作者的话进行推理判断,从而获得对文章的深层理解。其类型主要有事实推断、逻辑推断和对作者的意图和态度的推断。4.词义猜测题考查考生根据上下文猜测生词含义的能力。主要用来测试考生对文章中出现的熟悉或不熟悉的词或词组的意义的理解能力。解题技巧与策略(一)浏览问题,通读全文 做阅读理解题之前,首先要浏览一下题目和选项,然后带着问题去阅读所给的材料,有目的地获取文中的信息。通读全文时,要善于抓关键词.关键句和主题句。尤其要注意短文首段或每一自然段的首句。文章

5、最后一段往往是总括全文的,是事件的结局或作者表达的态度意图、目的等。在阅读时,要注意方式、方法。记叙文要抓住四大要素,即时间、地点、人物和事件的起因、发展和结果，以及人物之间的关系、表现,从中分析他们的思想品质、性格特征。议论文是阐明作者对人或事的好坏的立场观点。在阅读时必须正确把握文章的论点和论据，理清论证思路，再进行逻辑推理得出结论。应用文是最贴近日常生活的文体,通常包括通知、广告.便条、申请书、个人简历,形式多样,题材各异,如图示、表格、地址、网址等,对这类文体的阅读应简明扼要地抓住所需信息，理解文章内容。(二)解答问题,选定答案 浏览全文,获取了文中的主要信息之后，就可以一边认真阅读题

6、目,一边细心答题。首先，要弄懂题干的内容和要求,然后到文中去找相应的信息。其次,要依照题目和找到的信息进行推理判断。如果遇到的题目很难或无法根据所给材料做出明确的判断,这时要统观全文,在理解文字表面意思的基础上进行深人分析、推理，找到解决问题的突破口,然后结合文章主题和有关常识进行思考,从而可以推断出正确答案。(三)力求稳妥,复核检查 在完成了全部的题目之后,还必须快速地、有针对性地重读一遍短文,特别是要留意与题目相关的文字。03真题剖析真题链接Passage 1(2021年梧州)The Change 5 robotic probe（探测器）has become Chinas first sp

7、aceship to bring the country national flag to the Moon.The scene of the Five Starred Red Flag against the dark sky on the grey lunar surface was taken by a camera on the Change 5 robotic probes lander and then sent to the ground control.In Change 3 and 4 tasks，the national flag was painted on the sp

8、aceship.Therefore，the flag carried by Change 5 is the first Chinese national flag that has been planted on the Moon.The system to raise the flag was designed and produced by engineers at China Space Sanjing Group in Hubei Province.It has three parts.Because of the strong radiation（辐射）and the terribl

9、e temperatures on the Moon，we couldnt use traditional fabrics（面料）.If we place an ordinary flag on the Moon，its colors will quickly become lighter.Designers spent more than one year choosing and testing ideal materials,and finally picked a new kind of material that can resist the very difficult condi

10、tions on the Moon.()1.The Change 5 brought the flag outside the space.()2.The scene of the national flag was taken by a smartphone.()3.The flag raising system includes three pars.()4.If we place an ordinary flag on the Moon，its colors will quickly become dark.()5.The last paragraph shows how the des

11、igners chose and tested the flags materials.FFTTT【解析】短文讲了嫦娥五号机器人探测器成为中国第一艘将国旗送上月球的太空船。详细地介绍了五星红旗材料的选择。1F.根据“The Change 5 robotic probe（探测器）has become Chinas first spaceship to bring the country national flag to the Moon.嫦娥五号机器人探测器成为中国首个将国旗送上月球的宇宙飞船。”可知嫦娥把国旗带到了太空之外是错误的，应该是带到了月球上。故答案为F。2F.根据“The scene

12、 of the Five Starred Red Flag against the dark sky on the grey lunar surface was taken by a camera on the Change s robotic probes lander.嫦娥机器人探测器着陆器上的一台相机拍摄了灰色月球表面黑暗天空下的五星红旗景象”，可知国旗的场景是由智能手机拍摄的是错误的，应该是由相机拍摄的。故答案为F。3T.根据“It has three parts.它有三个部分，”可知升旗系统包括三个部分。故答案为T。4T.根据“If we place an ordinary flag

13、 on the Moon，its colors will quickly become lighter如果我们把一面普通的旗帜放在月球上，它的颜色会很快变得更浅，”可知如果我们把一面普通的旗帜放在月球上，它的颜色很快就会变暗。故答案为T。5T.根据“and finally picked a new kind of material that can resist the very difficult conditions on the Moon.最后挑选出一种新的材料，能够抵抗月球上非常困难的条件。”可知最后一段展示了设计师如何选择和测试国旗的材料。故答案为T。Passage 2(2019年黄

14、冈)In the state of Qin(秦国),there was a man called Shang Yang(商鞅).He was a statesman(政治家)and worked out many reforms(改革)for the state,like paying more attention to farming and giving rewards(报酬)to soldiers who were successful when at war.But these reforms were not easily carried out(执行)at first.Most p

15、eople didnt trust Shang Yang.In order to solve this problem,Shang Yang came up with an idea.He put a thin wooden pole at the south gate of the Qin capital.Many people came to see him and the pole.Then,in front of the crowd,Shang Yang said loudly,“The man who takes this pole to the north gate will ge

16、t 10 gold pieces.”It was a simple job and the reward was so large.However,some time passed and no one stepped forward.They all thought Shang Yang was making a joke.Hearing no answer,Shang Yang stepped forward and said,“The reward now goes to 50 gold pieces.”This reward was unbelievably large.Finally

17、,a man from the crowd came forward.He put the pole on his shoulders and walked to the north gate.True to his word,Shang Yang gave the man 50 gold pieces.After that,the people of Qin were all talking about what Shang Yang did about the pole.They believed he was a man of his word.So when Shang Yang be

18、gan carrying out his reforms,the people followed him.Under these great reforms,Qin grew stronger and stronger.At last,Qin made all the seven states into one empire(帝国).()1.What did Shang Yang do?A.A statesman.B.A king.C.An emperor.D.A soldier.()2.In order to carry out his reforms,what idea did Shang

19、 Yang have?A.Having a wooden pole carrying competition.B.Having a wooden pole cutting competition.C.The man stepping forward first would be praised.D.The man carrying the pole from the south gate to the north one would get some gold pieces.()3.Why did Shang Yangs reward increase at last?A.Because a

20、man stepped forward.B.Because there wasnt enough time.C.Because Shang Yang heard no answer.D.Because Shang Yang was happy.()4.“They believed he was a man of his word.”What does the underlined part mean?A.A man who can speak loudly.B.A man who likes to speak a lot.C.A man who keeps his word.D.A man o

21、f few words.()5.After these great reforms,what happened in the history of China?A.Shang Yang became the first emperor.B.The first empire of China appeared.C.The south gate fell down.D.The state of Qin became weaker and weaker.ACCDB【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了历史上伟大的政治家商鞅，如何通过城门立木博得人们的信任，从而推行改革的故事，以及商鞅变法对中国社会的影响。

22、1.A细节理解题。题干意为：商鞅是做什么的？根据第一段第二句“He was a statesman(政治家).”可知商鞅是个政治家，故选A。2.D细节理解题。题干意为：为了推行他的改革，商鞅想了什么办法？根据第二段倒数第二句“He put a thin wooden.”和第三段内容可知答案，故选D。3.C细节理解题。题干意为：为什么商鞅最后增加了奖励？根据第五段第一句话“Hearing no answer.”可知答案，故选C。4.C词义猜测题。题干意为：“They believed he was a man of his word.”中的划线部分是什么意思？根据短语所在句子的后一句“So wh

23、en Shang Yang began carrying out his reforms,the people followed him.”可知“a man of his word”的意思是“一个一诺千金的人”，故选C。5.B细节理解题。题干意为：在这些伟大的变革之后，中国历史上发生了什么？根据最后一段最后一句“At last,Qin made all the seven states into one empire(帝国).”可知最后秦统一了六国。故选B。Passage 3（2021年玉林）Students from Taizhou Middle School，Jiangsu Provinc

24、e，experience farming during their labor（劳动）course.As we all know，the life skills like cooking and painting are important and should be taught as part of labor education.On June 3，2020，the Ministry of Education（MOE）（教育部）gave a document（文件）showing the revised curriculum（修改后的课程方案）for senior high school

25、s across the country.Labor education includes housework，school labor and community voluntary（志愿的）services and so on.“Labor education must be carried out（实施）with the purpose to make the right view（观点）of the world，life and values and develop an interest in doing chores，”said ViceMinister of Education

26、Zheng Fuzhi.According to China Youth Daily，the labor course will take six credits（学分）the same as foreign language and physics.Voluntary service，as part of labor education，would take two credits.The MOE also asks schools to make sure 40 hours of voluntary service during the full three school years.Ac

27、cording to Xinhua，adding labor education was out of care that the countrys young people do too little housework and that they think labor jobs arent important.Because of a lot of school pressure，schools pay more attention to the course of education，and parents may think that the chores waste their k

28、ids time.According to a survey，middle school students in China only spend 12 minutes a day on chores，compared with 72 minutes in the US，42 minutes in South Korea and 30 minutes in France.However，doing housework does not distract（使分心）young people.Instead，they are necessary for developing a strong wor

29、king spirit，according to Julie LythcottHaims，the writer of How to Raise an Adult.“The earlier you started，the better.”，he said.1.If you _，you can get the credits of the labor course.A.do homeworkB.do volunteer workC.go travelingD.learn to drive a car2.What did Zheng Fuzhi talk about？_ A.The time to

30、carry out labor education.B.The way to carry out labor education.C.The purpose to carry out labor education.D.The place to carry out labor education.3.Who spend the most time on housework？_ A.Students in China.B.Students in America.C.Students in South Korea.D.Students in France.4.What is the main id

31、ea of the passage？_ A.Parents should learn the life skills.B.Labor is as important as foreign language.C.Young people should pay attention to the course of education.D.Its necessary for the students to develop strong working spirits.CBBD【解析】本文主要讲述了教育部重视劳动教育。将劳动教育课程纳入普通高中课程中。1B.细节理解题。根据Voluntary serv

32、ice，as part of labor education，would take two credits.可知，志愿服务作为劳动教育的一部分，需要两个学分。所以如果你是做志愿者工作，你就可以拿到劳动课的学分。故选B。2C.细节理解题。根据“Labor education must be carried out（实施）with the purpose to make the right view（观点）of the world，life and values and develop an interest in doing chores，”said ViceMinister of Educat

33、ion Zheng Fuzhi.可知“必须进行劳动教育，（实施）目的是让你看到正确的观点。”教育部副部长郑富芝说：“对世界、人生和价值观都有兴趣，培养做家务的兴趣。”所以郑富芝说明了开展劳动教育的目的。故选C。3B.细节理解题。根据According to a survey，middle school students in China only spend 12 minutes a day on chores，compared with 72 minutes in the US，42 minutes in South Korea and 30 minutes in France.可知，一项调

34、查显示，中国中学生每天做家务的时间只有12分钟，而美国是72分钟，韩国是42分钟，法国是30分钟。所以美国的学生花在做家务上的时间最多。故选B。4D.主旨大意题。根据However，doing housework does not distract（使分心）young people.Instead，they are necessary for developing a strong working spirit，according to Julie LythcottHaims，the writer of How to Raise an Adult.“The earlier you starte

35、d，the better.”，he said.可知，然而，做家务不会分散注意力（使分心）如何抚养成人一书的作者朱莉莱思科特海姆斯认为，年轻人是培养强烈工作精神的必要条件“你开始得越早越好”他说。所以这篇文章的主旨是学生有必要培养强烈的工作精神。故选D。易错剖析易错剖析（2020年广西北部湾经济区卷）AThe novel coronavirus pneumonia(新型冠状病毒肺炎)broke out in Wuhan,Hubei province in December 2019.Later,it spread to other parts of China.Many people got i

36、ll.This year the city was locked down from January to April to prevent the virus from spreading further to other places.The city built two hospitals for the people with the novel coronavirus.They are Leishenshan Hospital and Huoshenshan Hospital.Builders worked hours a day and they worked very fast.

37、They built the hospitals in two weeks.The two hospitals have a big capacity(容量)and one of them has room for 1,600 beds.More than 120,000 people,including engineers,construction workers,volunteers,and over 30,000 medical workers,came to help the city.They worked without breaks.Wuhan has made sacrific

38、es(牺牲).But it has protected China and the world.根据短文内容，判断下列句子正误，正确的填“T”,错误的填“F”。()1.Many people in Wuhan became ill because of the novel coronavirus pneumonia.()2.Wuhan was locked down as soon as the novel coronavirus broke out.()3.Leishenshan Hospital and Huoshenshan Hospital were built fast in two

39、 weeks.()4.The two hospitals are big enough to hold 1,600 beds.()5.More than 30,000 medical workers came to Wuhan to help the sick people.TFTFT【解析】短文介绍了新冠肺炎最初暴发的时间和地点、雷神山和火神山医院的建设，以及全国各行各业支援武汉抗疫的情况。第1题考查细节理解。题目句意是：（在新冠肺炎疫情暴发初期）在武汉的许多人得病了，由于（感染）新冠肺炎。这句话在原文里没有直接找到，需要理解原文才能判断正误，因此容易答错。根据短文第一段前两行的句子意思判断

40、，题目句子正确。第2题考查细节理解。题目句意是：疫情一暴发，武汉就被封城了。这句话在原文里也是没有直接找到，需要理解原文才能判断正误，因此容易答错。短文第一句话说，新型冠状病毒肺炎是在2019年12月在武汉暴发的，而第一段第一句话说，为了阻止病毒传播到更远的其他地方，今年（2020年）这个城市（武汉）从1月（23日）至4月被封城了。根据以上内容判断，题目句子是错误的。第3题考查细节理解。题目句意是：火神山医院和雷神山医院在两周之内很快建成。根据第二段的关键句“.Builders worked hours a day and they worked very fast.They built th

41、e hospitals in two weeks.”判断，题目句子是正确的。第4题考查细节理解。题目句意是：这两家医院足够大，可以容纳1,600张床位。根据第二段最后一句“The two hospitals have a big capacity(容量)and one of them has room for 1,600 beds.（这两家医院有着大的容量，其中一家可以容纳1,600张床位）”判断，题目句子是错误的。这道题非常容易答错，因为题目句子与原文句子相似，但表达的意思却不相同。第5题考查细节理解。题目句意是：超过30,000名医护人员来到武汉帮助患病的人们。短文倒数第二段里的句子“.a

42、nd over 30,000 medical workers,came to help the city.”意思是“超过30,000医护人员来帮助武汉。”从这可知，题目句子是正确的。这道题容易答错，因为题目句子跟原文句子不相同，如果不理解句意的话，就会造成误判。BParents always want the best for their kids.But everyone has their own way of parenting(养育).Here are some popular parenting styles.Which one do you like best?()6.Tiger

43、parents treat their kids in a _ way.A.goodB.kindC.strictD.right()7.Dolphin parents usually want their children to get.A.best gradesB.little sleepC.enough loveD.enough exercise()8.If you have helicopter parents,you may.A.get less freedomB.face more difficultiesC.worry about your parentsD.“fly”over yo

44、ur parents like helicopters()9.As lawnmower parents,they will .A.cut grass before their kids B.get rid of all difficulties for their kidsC.make sure their kids are happy and healthyD.ask their kids to work out problems on their own()10.Whats the best title for the passage?A.Kids and parents.B.How pa

45、rents get on with kids.C.Everyone has their own parents.D.Different ways of parenting.CABDD【解析】短文是一篇图表类应用文。介绍了不同父母的养育方式，正确引导学生理解父母的教育方法，帮助学生健康成长。第6题考查细节理解。题目句意：虎爸虎妈以一种 方式对待他们的孩子。左上方表格关于“Tiger parents 虎爸虎妈”有这样的表述：They are strict with their children.（他们对孩子很严格）。从这得知，虎爸虎妈是以一种严格的方式对待他们的孩子。所以答案选C。题目的句子没能在

46、原文直接找到，考生容易答错。第7题考查细节理解。题目句意：海豚式父母通常希望他们的孩子。右上方表格关于“Dolphin parents 海豚式父母”的表述是：他们希望他们的孩子快乐健康。他们确保他们的孩子得到充足的睡眠和锻炼。从这可知，答案选D。题目句子变异了原文的句子，因此容易出错。第8题考查细节理解。左下方表格关于“Helicopter parents 直升机式父母”的表述是：他们过于担心自己的孩子，像直升机一样从他们头上“盘旋”。很多人认为这些父母应该给他们的孩子更多的自由。言外之意就是这些孩子得到的自由较少，所以针对题目的问题得出：如果你有直升机式父母，你也许得到较少的自由。故答案选A

47、。这道题的错误率较高，因为要懂得句子的弦外之意，才能选出正确答案。第9题考查对细节的理解。右下方表格关于“Lawnmower parents 割草机式父母”的表述是：像一台割草的割草机，他们为他们的孩子去除所有的困难。（而）他们的孩子从来不会自己解决问题。所以针对题目的问题得出：作为割草机式父母，他们将为他们的孩子排除所有的困难。故答案选B。这道题容易误选D。第10题考查理解判断。题目问“Whats the best title for the passage?（这篇文章最好的标题是什么？）”综合所给材料内容，最佳答案应该选D，因为文章主要介绍了不同父母对孩子的不同的养育方式。如果学生不理解文

48、字内容和选项的意思，这道题很容易误选。04实战提分基础过关基础过关（2020年广西北部湾经济区学科素养测试）ADo you know about the novel coronaviruses(新型冠状病毒)?It is this virus that causes COVID19,an acute respiratory infectious disease(急性呼吸道传染病).Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses.The word“corona”comes from Latin and refer to crowns(王冠).When l

49、first saw a coronavirus under a microscope(显微镜),they found that its spikes(刺突)made it look like a crown.Thats how the virus family got its name.Some coronaviruses cause disease in humans;others spread illness among animals,including camels,cats and bats.We have found seven types of coronavirus that

50、can infect(影响)humans so far.Four of them cause common sicknesses,such as flu(流感)and common cold.But some coronaviruses are more serious.Examples include Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS,中东呼吸综合征)and severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS,严重急性呼吸综合征).Novel coronavirus,which was first found in Wuha