2021年初中英语语法复习 十大词类 句子成分 句子结构 ppt课件.pptx

1、词类 句子成分 句子种类目录词类词类句子成分句子成分 句子句子种类种类概览概览概览概览总结词类词类10种词性1、noun(名词)2、pronoun(代词)3、verb(动词)4、adjective(形容词)5、adverb(副词)6、preposition(介词)7、conjunction(连词)8、article(冠词)9、interjection(感叹词)10、numeral(数词)注意：很多单词有很多个词性，会在不同情况下使用不同词性1 1、名词名词(n n.).)表人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：bookbook，sadnesssadness，boy,morning,bag,bal

2、l,class,orangeboy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.2 2、代词代词(pron.pron.)主要用来代替名词。人称代词：主格：I我，you你，he他，she她，they他们，we我们；-宾格：me我，you你，him他，her她，them他们，us我们 物主代词：my我的，his他的，your你的（your你们的），their他们的，hers她的 指示代词：不定代词：3 3、动词动词(v.v.)表示动作或状态。如：am,is,are,have,see.am,is,are,have,see.4 4、形容词形容词(adj.adj.)主要用来描写或修饰名词

3、或代词，表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good,right,white,orange good,right,white,orange.5 5、副词副词(adv.adv.)在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。副词可分为：时间副词、频率副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词等。如：时间频率副词：时间频率副词：now，then，often，always6 6、介词介词(prep.prep.)表示它后面名词或代词与其他句子成分关系。如in,on,from,above,behind.in,on,from,above,behind.7 7、连词连词(conj.c

4、onj.)用来连接词、短语或句子。连词主要可分为4类：并列连词.转折连词.选择连词和因果连词。如and,but,before.and,but,before.8 8、冠词冠词(art.art.)用在名词前,帮助说明名词。只有三个：不定冠词（a/an）、定冠词（the）和零冠词（有些特定场合不用冠词）。9 9、感叹词感叹词(interj.interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh,well,hi,hello.oh,well,hi,hello.1010、数词数词(num.num.)表示数目或事物的顺序。基数词表示数目，如：one,two,three,four；序数词表示顺序，如：first,

5、second,third,fourth句子成分句子成分18句子成份句子成份:句子一般由两个部分组成：句子一般由两个部分组成：主语部分（主语部分（subject groupsubject group）谓语部分（谓语部分（predicate grouppredicate group）句子成份：句子成份：主主 谓谓宾宾表表补补定定状状Members of sentence:Members of sentence:S-subjectS-subjectPredicate/(Verb)Predicate/(Verb)P-predicative P-predicative O-objectO-objectA

6、ttri.-attributeAttri.-attributeAdv.-adverbAdv.-adverbOc-object complementOc-object complement 19主主宾宾表表补补定定状状谓谓1 1、主语、主语 主语主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任，通常来说位于句首。如：I I am aam a student.student.2 2、谓语、谓语 谓语谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack Jack cleanscleans the room every day.the room ev

7、ery day.3 3、表语、表语 表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:I am busy.4 4、宾语、宾语 宾语宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spellHe can spell the wordthe word.有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wroteHe wrote meme a a letterletter.有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语

8、后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wroteHe wrote a lettera letter toto meme.5 5、定语、定语 定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a big city.6 6、状语、状语 状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works He works hardhard .7 7、宾语补足语、宾语补足语 宾语补足语宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom They usually keep their clas

9、sroom clean.clean.8 8、同位语同位语 同位语同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is Where is your classmateyour classmate Tom Tom?1.He is studying.主语主语 谓语谓语 2.The teachers love us.主主 语语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语3.You showed us your photos.主语主语 谓语谓语 间宾间宾 直宾直宾4.Tom will ask me to jump.主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 宾补宾补5.They can sing well.主语主语 谓语

10、谓语 状语状语love us.showed us your photos.will ask me to jump.can sing well.分析句子成分6.He is a boy.主语主语 系词系词 表语表语7.My father was in the room.主语主语 系词系词 表语表语8.The story sounds interesting.主语主语 系词系词 表语表语9.You will feel happy to see him.主语主语 系词系词 表语表语 状语状语10.They have been runners for 3 years.主语主语 系词系词 表语表语 状语状

11、语句子句子种类种类1.1.按按使用目的使用目的/用途用途，句子可分为句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1 1）陈述句陈述句（Declarative SentencesDeclarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：例如：Light travels faster than sound.Light travels faster than sound.光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）The film is rather boring.The film is rather

12、boring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）2 2）疑问句疑问句（Interrogative SentencesInterrogative Sentences）：提出问题）：提出问题，有以下四种：有以下四种：a.a.一般疑问句（一般疑问句（General QuestionsGeneral Questions）：）：Can you finish the work in time?Can you finish the work in time?你能按时完成工作吗？你能按时完成工作吗？b.b.特殊疑问句（特殊疑问句（Wh-QuestionsWh-Questions）：）：W

13、here do you live?Where do you live?你住那儿？你住那儿？c.c.选择疑问句（选择疑问句（Alternative QuestionsAlternative Questions）：）：Do you want tea or coffee?Do you want tea or coffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡？你是要茶还是要咖啡？d.d.反意疑问句（反意疑问句（Tag-QuestionsTag-Questions）：）：He doesnt know her,does he?He doesnt know her,does he?他不认识她，对不对？他不认识她，对不对？3

14、 3）祈使句祈使句（Imperative SentencesImperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令。）：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如：例如：Dont be nervous!Dont be nervous!别紧张！别紧张！4 4）感叹句感叹句（Exclamatory SentencesExclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。怒等情绪。例如：例如：What good news it is!What good news it is!多好的消息啊！多好的消息啊！1 1）简单句简单句：由一个主语（或并列主

15、语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子 。He He often often readsreads English in the morning.English in the morning.Tom and MikeTom and Mike areare American boys.American boys.She She likeslikes drawing and often drawing and often drawsdraws pictures for the wall newspapers.pictures for the

16、 wall newspapers.2.句子按其结构结构可以分为以下三类：2)2)并列句并列句：由并列连词（由并列连词（and,but,orand,but,or等）或分号把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一等）或分号把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。起构成。e.g.You help him e.g.You help him andand he helps you.he helps you.He wants to go there He wants to go there but but I dont.I dont.Hurry up,Hurry up,or or you will be late.y

17、ou will be late.This house belongs to Mr.SmithThis house belongs to Mr.Smith;It It costs millions of dollars.costs millions of dollars.3 3）复合句复合句：由一个主句和由一个主句和一个或一个以上从句一个或一个以上从句构成的构成的的句子的句子 。复合句复合句中中包含：名词性从句、定语从句包含：名词性从句、定语从句，状语从句等状语从句等。1.The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures 1.The foreign visi

18、tors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.when they were at the Great Wall.(状从）状从）2.This is the book 2.This is the book that I want.that I want.（定从）（定从）3.I think 3.I think that he is right.that he is right.(宾从）宾从）判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句1.We often study Chinese histo

19、ry on Friday afternoon.2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.4.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.5.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.简单句简单句复合句复合句简单句简单句并列句并列句复合句复

20、合句下列句子哪些是正确的？为什么？1.I like English,my English is very good.1.I like English,my English is very good.2.I like English and my English is very good.2.I like English and my English is very good.3.As I like English,my English is very good.3.As I like English,my English is very good.4.I have a house,its wi

21、ndows are very big.4.I have a house,its windows are very big.5.I have a house and its windows are very big.5.I have a house and its windows are very big.5.I have a house,whose windows are very big.5.I have a house,whose windows are very big.二、简单句的五种基本句型二、简单句的五种基本句型1 1、主语、主语+不及物动词：不及物动词：(主谓主谓)eg.We e

22、g.We workwork.She She camecame just nowjust now They They wentwent.常见的不及物动词：常见的不及物动词：come go work walk swim arrive stay come go work walk swim arrive stay laugh happen exerciselaugh happen exercise2 2、主语、主语+系动词系动词+表语：表语：(主系表主系表)系动词分类系动词分类一一 bebe动词动词类类:am:am、isis、areare、waswas、were were 二二表示变化表示变化类：类

23、：becomebecome、getget、turnturn、growgrow、gogo三三感官动词感官动词类类:look:look、sound sound、smellsmell、taste taste、feel feel 四四延续性动词延续性动词类类:remain:remain、staystay、keepkeep五五似乎好像似乎好像：seemseem、appearappear1 1、He He is is a studenta student2 2、That That soundssounds good.good.3 3、The apple The apple tastestastes swe

24、et.sweet.4 4、They They becomebecome rich.rich.3 3、主语、主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语：宾语：(主谓宾主谓宾）Henry Henry boughtbought a dictionarya dictionary.Mike Mike ateate three cakesthree cakes.She She drewdrew a beautiful picturea beautiful picture.He He want want to dream a nice dreamto dream a nice dream.You You can do c

25、an do what you want to dowhat you want to do.I I didnt mind didnt mind opening the dooropening the door.4、主语主语+谓语（及物动词谓语（及物动词）+双宾（间接宾语双宾（间接宾语+直接宾语）直接宾语）My My father bought me a carfather bought me a car.=.=My My father bought a car for father bought a car for me.me.He He gave me three gave me three

26、yuan.=He yuan.=He gave three yuan to gave three yuan to me.me.初中阶段常见的初中阶段常见的几个几个动词用法：动词用法：bring/send/give/take bring/send/give/take通常加通常加 to sb.to sb.buy/make/cook/sing/draw buy/make/cook/sing/draw通常加通常加 for sb.for sb.及物动词give,offer,lend,send,pass,show,bring,take,sell,write,buy,fetch,find,get,make 5

27、 5、主语、主语+谓语（及物动词谓语（及物动词）+宾语宾语+宾补宾补 We made We made the baby the baby laugh./happylaugh./happy.I heard I heard himhim singsing.I saw I saw himhim dancedance.I found I found the book the book interestinginteresting.We call We call himhim TomTom.His father named His father named himhim TomTom.（叫，称呼）（叫，称呼）Thanks for listening!