2022年中考英语ppt课件：阅读理解解题技巧.pptx

1、 一、初中阅读理解考查的主要内容。一、初中阅读理解考查的主要内容。v题材多样题材多样(涉及政治经济、社会文化、风俗习涉及政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史地理、科学技术等各个方面惯、历史地理、科学技术等各个方面)，v体裁形式丰富体裁形式丰富(包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文以及新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说应用文以及新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、表格等明、表格等)v考查考生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包考查考生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括阅读、理解、归纳概括、逻辑推理以及对括阅读、理解、归纳概括、逻辑推理以及对材料的评估能力等材料的评估能力等。二、问题设置上可

2、以分为四种类型二、问题设置上可以分为四种类型v直接题目：直接题目：这种题目比较简单，只要通读全文，了这种题目比较简单，只要通读全文，了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节，就可以解答出来，解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节，就可以解答出来，有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。此类有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的。计的。v理解性问题：理解性问题：要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子做出解释。解答这类题目时需要对有关的上或句子做出解释。解答这类题目时需要对有关的上下文，甚

3、至整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解下文，甚至整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解才能做出正确答案。此类猜测词义的题目，要求考才能做出正确答案。此类猜测词义的题目，要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。v推理性题目：推理性题目：这种题目考生往往不能直接从这种题目考生往往不能直接从文中找到答案，而需要根据上下文及其相互文中找到答案，而需要根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。有时甚至还得考虑作者的主旨、能找到答案。有时甚至还得考虑作者的主旨、倾向等因素加以推理，才能获得正确

4、答案。倾向等因素加以推理，才能获得正确答案。此类题目主要考查的是句与句之间，段与段此类题目主要考查的是句与句之间，段与段之间的逻辑关系。之间的逻辑关系。v概括性题目概括性题目：要求考生在阅读和理解全文的基：要求考生在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章做出归纳、概括或评价。此类考查础上对文章做出归纳、概括或评价。此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落（或短文）的主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落（或短文）的主题思想，标题或目的。解这种题目时，不能主题思想，标题或目的。解这种题目时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，比如涉及文只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，比如涉及文章的标题、主题、结论、结局等有关问题，都章的标

5、题、主题、结论、结局等有关问题，都需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识、专业知识进行逻辑思维背景知识、生活常识、专业知识进行逻辑思维推理判断，从而获取文章中内含的信息。推理判断，从而获取文章中内含的信息。三、阅读理解题的解题技巧三、阅读理解题的解题技巧。v1获取段落的主旨和大意获取段落的主旨和大意。最有效的办法是最有效的办法是找出找出主题句主题句。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。意思往往由一个句子来概括。这

6、个能概括文这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。学会寻找主题句。v在一个段落中，大部分在一个段落中，大部分主题句的位置主题句的位置有两种：有两种：1）主题句在段首。这种情况相当普遍。一般）主题句在段首。这种情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文新闻报道、说明文,议论文大都采用先总述，议论文大都采用先总述，后分述的叙事方法。后分述的叙事方法。v2）主题句在段末。用归纳法写文章时，往往）主题句在段末。用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后

7、，并表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于句末的主题句往往是对前以此结尾。这种位于句末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结，归纳或结论。面细节的总结，归纳或结论。v2.根据上下文猜测词义根据上下文猜测词义。猜测词义也是一种英猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文的题目。任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。上下文的作用就中才能表示一个确定的词义。上下文的作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们可以尽可能

8、地利用上下文来猜测词据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。v 3.确定细节和事实。确定细节和事实。在阅读理解题目中，有相当一在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点：些。这些题目有两个共同特点：v （1）凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都）凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这可以在阅读

9、材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。v （2）干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂，正确答）干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂，正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项。v4.进行合理推断。进行合理推

10、断。所谓推断，就是根据所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。需要推断的有关从中推断出未知部分。需要推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。子，甚至是全文。v其类型主要有以下几种：其类型主要有以下几种：1）事实推断）事实推断。这种。这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出据以推断

11、的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。其要悟出字里行间的意思。2）指代推断）指代推断。确。确定指代词的含义和指代对象是阅读理解题常见定指代词的含义和指代对象是阅读理解题常见的题目。要确定指代词所指代的对象，关键在的题目。要确定指代词所指代的对象，关键在于对所在上下文的正确理解。指代名词的指代于对所在上下文的正确理解。指代名词的指代词，其单复数形式英语被指代的词一致，因此词，其单复数形式英语被指代的词一致，因此数的形式可作为识别指代对象第一个辅助标志。数的形式可作为识别指代对象第一个辅助标志。3）v3)逻辑推断。逻辑推断。这类题目往往是要求根

12、据文章所提供这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言来推断出人物的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉。的态度或感觉。4）对作者的意图和态度的推断。）对作者的意图和态度的推断。这一类考题大都要求学生就作者对论述对象持什这一类考题大都要求学生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断么样的态度做出推断,如作者对所陈述的观点是赞如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，的这

13、种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。语。Passage 1 Henry was an office worker in a big city.He worked very hard and enjoyed traveling in his holidays.He usually went to the seaside,but one

14、year he saw an advertisement in a newspaper.“Enjoy country life.Spend a few weeks at West Hill Farm.Good food.Fresh air.Horse riding.Walking.Fishing.Cheap and interesting.”v“This sounds a good idea,”he thought.“Ill spend a month at West Hill Farm.I think I can enjoy horse riding,walking and fishing.

15、Theyll make a change from sitting by the seaside and swimming.”He wrote to the farmer.In the letter he said that he would like to spend all of July there.Then on the first of July,he left for West Hill Farm.vBut four days later,he returned home.v“What was wrong with West Hill Farm?”his best friend,E

16、d,asked him.“Didnt you enjoy country life?”v“Country life was very good,”Henry said.“But there was another problem.”v“Oh.What?”v“Well,”he said,“the first day I was there a sheep died,and we had roast mutton for dinner.”v“Whats wrong with that?”Ed asked.“Fresh meat is the best.”v“I know,but on the se

17、cond day a cow died,and we had roast beef for dinner.”v“Lucky you!”v“You dont understand,”Henry said.“On the third day a pig died and we had roast pork for dinner.”v“A different meat every day,”Ed said loudly,“and you are complaining!”v “Let me finish,”Henry said.“On the fourth day the farmer died,a

18、nd I didnt dare(敢敢)stay for dinner!”根据短文内容，选择最佳答案填写在横线上根据短文内容，选择最佳答案填写在横线上v1.How did Henry find out about the farm?vA.He saw it in a newspaper advertisement.B.His best friend told him.vC.He wrote to the farmer.D.Maybe he learned it from the radio.v2.Henry came back home several days later because _.

19、vA.he didnt like the country life at all B.the farmer wasnt friendly to himvC.his holiday was over D.he thought he might have to eat the farmerv3.“and you are complaining!”,the word“complain”means _.vA.夸夸奖奖 B.说说三道四三道四 C.抱怨抱怨 D.故弄玄故弄玄虚虚v4.Which of the following sentences is true?vA.Ed could eat a dif

20、ferent kind of meat every day.vB.Henry thought he could enjoy a change.vC.Henry couldnt think of anything else to do,so he went to the farm.vD.The farmer died because of the bad meat he ate.v5.Which is the best title for the passage?v A.What a beautiful farm!B.Have a good time.v C.A short holiday D.

21、Henry and the farmer.vThree travelers,Allan,Carl and Paul were sitting on the chairs in a train station.They were waiting for a train that was very late.vTo pass the time,they began talking to each other.vAt first,they talked about the weather and their work.Then Paul said,Tell mewhat would you most

22、 like to do if your doctor tell you that you have only three months to live?vThe other two men thought about this for a while,then Carl spoke.v“Well,”he said,“if I have only three months to live,Ill take all my money out of the bank and go to foreign countries for holidays with my best friend,Erik.I

23、d like to travel to the places in the world as many as possible.And Ill stay at the best hotels and then eat the best food.I think Ill have a wonderful time.”Passage 2v “Thats very interesting.”Paul said.vWith these words,he turned to the other man,saying,“And what about you?”v“Ill tell you a secret

24、,”Allan said.“I always want to be a racing driver.So if I have only three months to live,the first thing Id like to do is to sell my house.With the money Ill buy the fastest car in the world.Maybe I can enter all the big motor races.”vThen he laughed,I might even end up(以而告终)world champion.”v“Now it

25、s your turn,”Allan went on,“If your doctor tell you the bad news,what would you most like to do?”v“Oh,”said Paul with a smile.“Ill go and see another doctor.”1.The three men were talking _.A.in the post office B.in the waiting room C.on the train D.on the chairs2.The man called _ answered the questi

26、on first.A.Carl B.Allan C.Erik D.Paul3.The men began to talk about the weather and the work because they _.A.didnt know anything new B.wanted to pass the time quicklyC.had nothing to do D.were very interested in each others work 4.I might even end up world champion.Here the word champion means _in C

27、hinese.A.名人 B.赛车手 C.大款 D.冠军5.Which sentence is right according to the passage?A.The train didnt arrive on time.B.Paul wanted to buy a racing car very much.C.Allan was the second man to answer the question.D.Carl didnt like traveling at all.vPassage 3vAn English traveler found himself in Norway with

28、only enough money to buy the ticket for his journey back home.As he knew that it would take him only two days to get to England,he decided that he could easily spend the time without food.So he bought a ticket and got on the ship.The man closed his ears to the sound of the lunch bell.When dinnertime

29、 came,he didnt go to dinning room,saying that he was not feeling very well.vThe next morning he still didnt have breakfast and at lunchtime he again stayed in his room.But at dinnertime he was so hungry that he went to the dinning room and ate everything the waiter put in front of him.He got ready f

30、or the quarrel.“Bring me the bill,”he said.“The bill,sir?”said the waiter in surprise.“There isnt any bill.On our ship meals are included(包括)in the money for the ticket,”said the waiter.1.The story happened _.vA.in England B.on a ship from Norway to England vC.in Norway D.on a ship from England to N

31、orway2.Why didnt the traveler go to the dinning room first?A.Because he had no money B.Because he didnt feel very wellC.Because he didnt want to eat anything D.Because he didnt hear the sound of the bell3.The traveler went to the dinning room to eat something because _.A.his friend had given him som

32、e money B.the waiter had asked him to change his mindC.he learned that there was no bill on the ship D.he was too hungry4.How many meals did the traveler have on the ship?A.Only one B.Two C.Three D.None5.After the traveler finished eating,_.A.he had a quarrel with waiter over the bill B.he drank a l

33、ot C.he asked the waiter to bring him the change(零钱)D.he came to know that travelers on the ship had free meals Passage 4 v A farmer had a cow.He took very good care of this cow and one day when it was ill,he was very worried.He telephoned the vet.v“Whats the problem?”The vet asked him when he arriv

34、ed.v“My cows ill,”the farmer said.“I dont know whats the matter with her.Shes lying down and wont eat.Shes making a strange noise.”vThe vet looked over the cow.Shes certainly ill,he said,and she needs to take some very strong medicine.vHe took a bottle out of his box,put two pills into his hand and

35、said,Give her these.The pills should make her better.v“How should I give them to her?”the farmer asked.vThe vet gave him a tube(管子)and said,Put this tube in her mouth,then put the pills in the tube and blow.Thatll make it.vThe next day the vet came to the farm again.The farmer was sitting outside hi

36、s house and looked more worried.v“Hows your cow?”the vet asked.v“No change,”the farmer said,“and Im feeling very strange myself.”v“Oh?”the vet said,Why?v“I did what you said,”the farmer answered.“I put the tube in the cows mouth and then put two pills down it.”v“And?”the vet asked.v“The cow blew fir

37、st,”the farmer said.v 1.The farmer asked the vet for help when his cow _A.couldnt lie down B.didnt eat the pills C.couldnt make any noise D.was ill2.The vet taught the farmer how _.A.to blow the tube B.to make the cow take the pillsC.to take the medicine D.to put the tube in his mouth3.Which of the following is true?A.The farmer ate the pills himself.B.The cow got better after taking the medicine.C.The vet came to help farmer change the cow the next day.D.The farmer waited for the vet outside his house the next day.