高中英语高考非谓语动词专项复习.doc

1、高考英语非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的动词性质表现在三方面1）有时态和语态的变化；2）可被状语所修饰；3）及物动词须有宾语。Im sorry to have kept you waiting for ten minutes.（完成式）对不起让你等了十分钟。We expected the work to be done at once.（被动式）我们希望这工作马上就做。To drink while driving is dangerous.（有状语）开车喝酒是十分危险的。Have you any reason for saying such a thing? （带宾语）你有什么理由说这种话吗？Hav

2、ing done his work, he went to play football.（完成式，带宾语）完成工作后，他去踢足球。二、非谓语动词的非动词性质表现1）相当于名词，作主语、宾语、表语等；2）相当于形容词、副词，在句中作定语、状语等。Reading books is what I like doing before going to bed.（作主语）读书是我睡觉前喜欢做的事。Have you decided where to spend your holiday? （作宾语）你决定了到哪儿去度假吗？His task is to collect information.（作表语）他的

3、任务是收集信息。The plan being discussed is accepted by most of the people.（作定语）正在讨论的计划被大多数人所接受。Hearing the news, the boys jumped with job.（作状语）听到这个消息，那男孩高兴得跳了起来。非谓语动词有三种形式，即不定式、过去分词和动词-ing形式。1.不定式不定式有两种形式；一是带to 的不定式，一是不带to的不定式。后者即通常所谓的动词原形。不定式有时态和语态的变化。1）不定式的语法功能：（1）作主语To see is to believe.眼见为实。Its importa

4、nt for us to learn how to use the computer.学会使用电脑很重要。注：it 为形式主语，真实主语不定式结构放在谓语之后。Its + (表扬或批评) adj.+ of sb to do sth.（2）作表语The important thing is to save time.重要的是约时间。The purpose of the project is to help the poor children in the country.这个工程的目的是帮助农村的贫苦孩子。（3）作宾语Black people in the USA wanted to get e

5、qual rights.美国的黑人想要得到平等权利。The workers demanded to get better pay. 工人要求更高的工资。I found it necessary to talk to him again.我觉得有必要和他再谈谈。注：当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，须将不定式放在补语后，而在宾补前用形式宾语it.（4）作定语The next plane to arrive is from New York.下次到达的航班来自纽约。He is always the first to come and last to leave the office.他总是第一个到办公

6、室，最后一个离开。 注：如果不定式和所修饰的名词是动宾关系的话，不定式动词是不及物动词，则须加适当的介词。I need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔。There are enough chairs for the guests to sit on.有足够的椅子给客人坐。They have a large house to live in.他们住在一座大房子里。（5）作状语, 表目的、结果、原因等表目的：在表示目的时，还可以用 in order to 和 so as to (一般不放在句首)。I stayed there to see what would happen.

7、我留下来看看会发生什么事。The students are working hard in order to pass the college entrance exams.学生们在努力学习通过大学的入学考试。表结果：在表结果时，还可以用so as to , such as to , enough to , only to 及too to 等结构。The tea is too hot to drink.这茶太热了，不能喝。Is your brother old enough to join the army? 你的弟弟到参军的年龄了吗？He lifted a rock only to drop

8、 it on his own feet.他搬起石头结果砸到了自己的脚。表原因：Im sorry to hear that.很抱歉听到这件事。We are delighted to know that youre going to visit us next month.很高兴听说你下月要来看我们。（6）作宾语补足语不定式作宾补时，与宾语构成复合宾语，二者在逻辑上是主谓关系。The teacher told us not to be so noisy in the class.老师告诉我们不要在班上吵闹。I expect you to give me some help in the exper

9、iment.我希望你能在实验中给我一些帮助。一些动词后作宾补的不定式不带to, 这种动词有两类：一类是感觉动词，如see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等；另一类是某些使役动词，如 make, let, have等。What made him do that again and again? 什么原因使他不断地做那件事？I saw him take away your dictionary.我看到他拿走了你的字典。We felt the house shake.我们感到房子在动。注：这种结构在用于被动语态时，要加to。He was made to do his work

10、 again.他被要求又把工作做了一遍。The boys are often seen to swim in the river.那男孩经常被看到在河里游泳。 表示劝告、命令、允许、教导、要求、警告、希望、禁止、意向、起因等的动词+ to do: advise, allow, cause, command, encourage, force, leave, get, like, order, persuade, require, send, teach, tell, forbid, want, warn, wish, expect.2）不定式的否定式和被动式不定式的否定形式是由not 或nev

11、er加不定式构成。Tell him not to shout at the policeman.告诉他不要冲警察喊叫。The teacher told us never to cheat in the exam.老师告诫我们永远不要在考试中作弊。I expect that the mistake not to be made again.我希望这个错误永远不要再犯。Youre lucky not to have been caught in the rain.你没有淋雨真是幸运。 不定式的被动式和主动式一样，可以在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。To be obeyed was na

12、tural to her.她生性要别人听命于她。（作主语）The problem remains to be unsolved.问题还没有解决。（作宾语）It needs not to be said that they are very happy together. 不消说他们在一起非常幸福。（作宾语）There were plans to be made at once.要立即制定计划。（作定语）He has returned only to be sent away again.他回来之后又被打发走了。（作状语）The captain ordered the flag to be ho

13、isted.船长命令升旗。（作宾补）3）与不定式搭配的常用动词（1）需要用不定式作宾语的常用动词有：hope, refuse, learn, set out, choose, decide, agree, manage, pretend, plan 等。He hopes to see you soon.他希望能很快见到你。I decided to study medicine when I was young.我年轻时就决定学医。Dont pretend not to see me.不要装着没看到我。（2）接不定式作宾补的常用动词有：tell, allow, help, warn, ask,

14、force 等。如：We warned the boy not to swim in the river.我们告诫那个男孩不要在河里游泳。His parents wont allow her to marry the young man.他的父母不允许她和那个年轻人结婚。（3）接不定式作宾语或宾补的常用动词有：want, expect, wish, promise 等。He promised to visit us next month.他答应下月来看我们。We expect him to visit us next month.我们期望他下月来看望我们。三、过去分词过去分词在句中不可作谓语。

15、它相当于形容词和副词，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语、补语等。过去分词的逻辑主语一般可在句中找到。（一）过去分词在句中的语法功能1）作表语The window is broken.窗户碎了。Hes gone.他走了。Dont get so excited.别这么激动。2）作定语，多表示已完成的动作The wounded soldiers were sent to the hospital at once.受伤的士兵已被立即送往医院了。We must make the polluted river clear again.我们必须使受到污染的河流变得干净。Some of them, born an

16、d brought up in rural villages, had never seen a train.他们中的一些人，出生和在农村长大，从没见过火车。3）作状语，表时间、原因、让步、方式、伴随情况等Asked why he did that, he kept silent.(表时间) 当被问到为什么做这件事时，他没做答复。Properly done, the experiment turned out successful.（表原因）实验做得很正确，结果是成功的。Although laughed at by other scientists, he stuck to his theor

17、y.（表让步）尽管遭到其他科学家的嘲笑，他坚持他的理论。Followed by his assistant, the professor went into the lecture hall.（表伴随）教授进了演讲厅，后面跟着他的助手。4）作补语He had his leg broken when playing football.他踢足球时腿骨折了。I found my wallet stolen when getting on the bus.上车时我发现钱包被偷了。（二）动词-ing 形式动词-ing 形式有时态和语态的变化：1）动词-ing 形式功能：1）作主语Saving is ha

18、ving.节约即是收入。Its no use crying.哭是没用的。Its great fun sailing a boat.扬帆驾舟是十分有趣的。注：在一些句子中，常用it 作形式主语，将真正的主语动词-ing 结构放在后面。可后接 no use, no good, fun等。2）作表语The main thing is getting there in time.主要的问题是要按时到那儿。3）作宾语Have you finished reading the book? 你读完这本书了吗？I suggest doing it in a different way.我建议用另一种方法做这件

19、事。Are you interested in buying second-hand books? 你对买旧书有兴趣吗？4）作定语We built another swimming pool last year.我们去年又建了一座游泳池。He may be in the reading room, for all I know.他说不定在阅读室里。He is an attacking player.他是个进攻型的运动员。He asked an embarrassing question.他提了一个令人尴尬的问题。5）作状语Entering the room, he sensed somethi

20、ng unusual.一进门，他就感觉到有些不一样的情况。Being busy, I cant go to the film with you today.我今天很忙，不能和你去看电影了。It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday.连着下了两个星期的雨，把我们的假期全毁了。He stood there, not knowing what to say.他站在那儿，不知说什么好。6）作补语动词-ing 形式作补语多和表示感觉的动词或使役动词连用，作宾语或主语的补足语，如：find, hear, see, look

21、at, listen to, feel, notice, observe, watch, get, have, set, catch, keep, leave 等。I felt the house shaking.我觉得房子在动。I saw the boys running after the dog.我看见孩子们在追狗。Can you get the clock going again? 你能使这钟再走吗？Dont have the lights burning in the daytime.白天别开着灯。He was seen going upstairs.有人看见他上楼。She was

22、heard singing all the time.人们听到她一直在唱。（三）独立结构动词-ing 形式可有其独立的逻辑主语。这种主语常常是名词或代词主格，置于动词-ing 形式之前，二者构成一种独立结构，常作状语，多用于书面语。Weather permitting, well have the match tomorrow.天气允许的话，我们将于明天进行比赛。Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one.其他方面相同，我将买那件黑的衣服，不买那件白的。The monitor being ill

23、, wed better put the meeting off.班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。The question being settled, we went home.问题解决了，我们回家了。（四）几种非谓语动词用法比较1）动词-ing 形式与过去分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语的区别动词-ing 形式与过去分词在意义上不同。一般来说，现在分词表示主动，表示进行；而过去分词表示被动，表示完成。试比较它们作定语、状语、宾语补足语的区别：（1）作定语。The workers working in the company are mostly young people.这个公司的大部分雇员

24、是年轻人。The company built last year developed very fast. 去年建的那个公司发展得很快。（2）作状语。Seeing the city from the top of the hill, youll find the city very beautiful.你站在山顶上看城市，会发现它很美。Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看去，城市显得更漂亮。The professor came in, followed by the students.教授

25、进来了，后面跟着他的学生。The professor came in, following the students.教授在学生后面进来了。（3）作宾补。Did you notice the plan carefully made? 你注意到计划作得很周密吗？Did you notice them making the plan carefully？你注意到他们在很周密地制定计划吗？2）不定式和动词-ing 形式作宾语的区别：不定式和动词-ing 形式作宾语可以有四种情况：（1）只能跟动词-ing 形式作宾语的常用动词有：finish, enjoy, mind, suggest, stop,

26、give up, think of，avoid, deny, practise, miss, consider, admit, escape, fancy, imagine, keep, resist, risk 等。Would you mind answering some questions? 你介意回答几个问题吗？Youd better give up smoking.Its bad for your health.你最好戒烟。抽烟对健康不利。（2）只能跟不定式作宾语的常用动词有：afford, agree, aim, ask, choose, decide, decline, dema

27、nd, order, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, wish 等。We expect to meet you soon.期待能很快见到你。He managed to finish the work without any help.他设法在没有任何帮助的情况下完成了工作。They promised to help us whenever we have difficulties.他们答应无论何时我们有困难都给与帮助。（3）有些动词后既可跟不定式也可跟动词

28、-ing 形式，在意义上区别不大。如动词like, love, hate, continue, start, begin 等。I like playing (to play) computer games.我喜欢玩电子游戏。Lets continue to discuss (discussing) the problem.我们接着讨论问题吧。（4）有些动词后既可跟不定式也可跟动词-ing 形式，在意义上有明显区别。如：try, regret, remember, forget, mean, go on, stop 等。试比较：forget:Im sorry to forget to bring

29、 your book.对不起忘了给你带书了。（没有做的事情）Ill never forget seeing the Swiss Alps for the first time.我永远忘不了第一次见到瑞士阿尔卑斯山的情景。（已做过的事情）remember:I remember meeting you somewhere before.我记得在哪儿见过你。（已做过的事情）Remember to meet me at the airport at eight.记住八点在机场接我。（没有做的事情）regret:The boy regretted wasting much time on useless

30、 things.那个男孩很后悔在无用的事上浪费了很多时间。I regret to inform you that you failed in the job interview.我遗憾地通知你没有通过工作面试。mean:Do you mean to have a holiday? 你打算去度假吗？Being successful means working hard.成功意味着努力。try:Dont try to persuade me to agree with you.不要试图说服我同意你的观点。Try knocking at the back door if no one hears y

31、ou at the front door.前门如没人答应，就敲后门试试看。stop:Lets stop to have a rest.我们停下来休息一下。There goes the bell.Stop talking and laughing.铃响了，别再说笑了。go on:They went on talking.他们继续谈着。They went on to talk about another matter.他们接着又谈别的事情。cant help doing sth. 禁不住或不得不做cant help (to) do sth 不能帮助做want:I want to tell him

32、about it.The patients want looking after.The patients want to be looked after.(need, require) 4）不定式和动词-ing 形式作状语的区别：不定式多用于表：目的、结果、原因等。动词ing 多用于表：时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果、让步、方式等。To catch the first bus, I had to get up at five.为了赶上早班车，我得五点钟起床。Hes too excited to say a word.他太激动了，说不出话来了。I hurried to the station o

33、nly to find the train had left.I am very glad to see you.Entering the room, the teacher found the students talking happily.进了房间，老师发现学生们在愉快地交谈着。（表时间）Being busy, Im afraid I cant go to the film with you.我太忙了，恐怕不能和你一起去看电影了。He stayed up until midnight, preparing his speech.他睡得很晚，准备他的演讲。Not knowing wheth

34、er he has passed the exam, he feels anxious.不知道是否能通过考试，他感到很焦虑。The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it.(结果) 孩子摔倒了，头碰到门上碰破了。5）不定式和动词-ing 形式作定语的区别：不定式作定语多表示未来动作，而动词-ing 形式作定语多表示正在进行的动作。不定式的被动式、动词-ing 形式和过去分词都可以表示被动动作，但动作发生的时间不同。I dont have much to say at the meeting.我没有什么可说的。T

35、he man living upstairs is an artist.住在楼上的是位艺术家。The book to be published next month is supposed to be interesting.下月出版的那本书会很有意思。Can you tell me something about the meeting held yesterday? 你能告诉我关于昨天会议的情况吗？The room being painted is our sound lab.正在粉刷的是我们的语音室。6）不定式和动词-ing 形式作补语的区别：不定式作补语多表示经常性或已完成的动作；动词

36、-ing 形式作补语表示动作的正在进行的状态。I saw him fighting with another boy in the street.我看到他在街上和另一个男孩打架。I have never heard you sing this song.我从没听你唱过这首歌。His father wont have him staying too long outside.他父亲不允许他在外面呆太长时间。Who will you have do the work? 你让谁来做这个工作 ？The teacher got us to recite some poems.老师让我们背一些诗。Dont keep us waiting for long.别让我们等太久。7