GMAT-逻辑推理题critical-reasoning(课堂)课件.ppt

1、Peter Pan1A000002股票在明天还会上涨到今天为止，A000002股票出现三天连续上涨该股票出现三天连涨后，第四天也会上涨PremiseConclusion Assumption AssumptionAssumptionPremisePremiseConclusionConclusion2A000002股票在明天还会上涨到今天为止，A000002股票出现三天连续上涨根据数据统计，该股票出现三天连涨后，第四天有80%的情况都是上涨。这段时间该股票的运行情况和以前第四天出现上涨的情况相似中国股市从来没有规律3Studying regularly is one factor that h

2、as been shown to improve ones performance on the SAT.Melissa took the SAT and Scored a 1500.If she studies several times a weak,Melissa can expect to improve her score.Melissa can expect to improve her score.Studying regularly is one factor that has been shown to improve ones performance on the SAT.

3、Melissa took the SAT and Scored a 1500.Studying several times a weak qualifies as studying regularly4 AssumptionAssumptionPremisePremiseConclusionConclusion5 stated pieces of information or evidence that generally provide support for the given conclusion could be Facts,opinions,claims showing backgr

4、ound telling a story Several industries have recently switched at least partly from older technologies powered by fossil fuels to new technologies powered by electricity.It is thus evident that less fossil fuel is being used as a result of the operations of these industries than would have been used

5、 if these industries had retained their older technologies.6PremiseConclusion AssumptionTherefore,As a Therefore,As a result,Suggests,result,Suggests,Indicates,Indicates,Accordingly,So,Accordingly,So,Consequently,Consequently,Thus,Hence,It Thus,Hence,It follows thatfollows thatSinceSinceDue toDue to

6、As a result ofAs a result ofBecauseBecauseGiven thatGiven thatAsAs7Manager:the new manufacturing process should save us time in the end,even though the first step of the five-step process will take twice as long asit does under the old process.Far fewer of the components will be founddefective and t

7、he sole purpose of steps two and three under the old processis to weed out defective components.As a result,we should be able to eliminate two of the five steps in the existing manufacturing process.Which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the claim made inthe argument?Therefore Tes

8、tTherefore Test(1)X,therefore Y.If this works,Y is the conclusion.(2)Y,therefore X.If this works,X is the conclusion.X:The new process should save us time.X:The new process should save us time.Y:we should be able to eliminate two of the five steps in the Y:we should be able to eliminate two of the f

9、ive steps in the processprocess.8Curbing government spending has been demonstrated to raise the value of a Curbing government spending has been demonstrated to raise the value of a countrys currency over time.However,many economists no longer countrys currency over time.However,many economists no lo

10、nger recommend this policy.A currency of lesser value causes a countrys recommend this policy.A currency of lesser value causes a countrys exports to be more competitive in the international market,encouraging exports to be more competitive in the international market,encouraging domestic industries

11、 and making the economy more attractive to foreign domestic industries and making the economy more attractive to foreign investment.investment.The statements above most strongly support which of the following The statements above most strongly support which of the following inferences?inferences?(A)

12、Limited government spending can also lead to a reduction in the A)Limited government spending can also lead to a reduction in the national deficit.national deficit.(B)Curbing government spending can make a countrys exports less (B)Curbing government spending can make a countrys exports less petitive

13、.(C)Many economists now recommend higher levels of government spending.(C)Many economists now recommend higher levels of government spending.(D)An increase in the value of a currency will result in reduced (D)An increase in the value of a currency will result in reduced government spending.governmen

14、t spending.(E)Competitive exports indicate a-weak currency.(E)Competitive exports indicate a-weak currency.9Curbing government spending has been demonstrated to raise the value of a Curbing government spending has been demonstrated to raise the value of a countrys currency over time.However,many eco

15、nomists no longer countrys currency over time.However,many economists no longer recommend this policy.A currency of lesser value causes a countrys recommend this policy.A currency of lesser value causes a countrys exports to be more competitive in the international market,encouraging exports to be m

16、ore competitive in the international market,encouraging domestic industries and making the economy more attractive to foreign domestic industries and making the economy more attractive to foreign investment.investment.The statements above most strongly support which of the following The statements a

17、bove most strongly support which of the following inferences?inferences?(A)Limited government spending can also lead to a A)Limited government spending can also lead to a reduction in the national deficit.reduction in the national deficit.(B)Curbing government spending can make a(B)Curbing governmen

18、t spending can make a countrys exports less competitive.countrys exports less competitive.(C)Many economists now recommend higher levels of(C)Many economists now recommend higher levels of government spending.government spending.(D)An increase in the value of a currency will(D)An increase in the val

19、ue of a currency will result in reduced government spending.result in reduced government spending.(E)Competitive exports indicate a weak currency.(E)Competitive exports indicate a weak currency.F F）Government investment can make a countrys Government investment can make a countrys exports less compe

20、titive.exports less competitive.超出前提讨论范围超出前提讨论范围超出前提讨论范围超出前提讨论范围偷换概念偷换概念因果倒置因果倒置因果倒置因果倒置10 Increases in the level of high-density lipoprotein(HDL)in the human bloodstream lower bloodstream-cholesterol levels by increasing the body capacity to rid itself of excess cholesterol.Levels of HDL in the blo

21、odstream of some individuals are significantly increased by a program of regular exercise and weight reduction.Which of the following can be correctly inferred from the statements above?A.Individuals who are underweight do not run any risk of developing high level of cholesterol in the bloodstream.B

22、.Individuals who do not exercise regularly have a high risk of developing high level of cholesterol in the bloodstream late in life.C.Exercise and weight reduction are the most effective methods of lowering bloodstream cholesterol levels in humans.D.A program of regular exercise and weight reduction

23、 lowers cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of some individuals.E.Only regular exercise is necessary to decrease cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of individuals of average weight.11The average fuel efficiency of vehicles sold nationwide during the period 2000-2004 was 25 miles per gallon;the

24、corresponding figure during the period 1995-1999 was 20 miles per gallon.The national average price of gasoline during the period 2000-2004 was$2 per gallon;the corresponding figure during the period 1995-1999 was$1.60 per gallon.The statements above,if true,best support which of the following concl

25、usions?(A)The average fuel efficiency of vehicles sold nationwide should reach 30 miles per gallon for the period 2005-2009.(B)The national average price of gasoline during 1997 was lower than the corresponding price during 2003.(C)Rising gasoline prices lead consumers to purchase more fuel-efficien

26、t cars.(D)Between the two described time periods,the national average fuel efficiency and the national average gasoline price both increased at roughly the same rate.(E)Consumers spent more money on gasoline during the period 2060-2004 than during the period 1995-1999.12Logic fallacies13In certain c

27、ongested urban areas,commuters who use public transportationoptions,such as trains and subways,spend approximately 25 percent lesstime in transit,on average,to reach their destinations than commuters whotravel by car.Even individuals who drive their entire commute in carpoollanes,which are typically

28、 the least congested sections of roadways,stillspend more time,on average,than commuters who use trains and subways.The statements above,if true,best support which of the following assertions about commuting in the congested urban areas mentioned above?(A)Waiting in traffic accounts for approximatel

29、y 25 percent of the commuting time for individuals who drive to their destinations.(8)Walking between a subway or train station and ones final destination does not,on average,take longer than walking between ones car and ones final destination.(C)Using carpool lanes does not,on average,reduce drivin

30、g time by morethan 25 percent.(D)Individuals who commute via public buses spend approximately 25 percent more time in transit than those who commute using public trains or subways.(E)Subways and trains are available in the majority of congested urban areas.1415(A)Viewers are more interested in sport

31、s and weather than in personal interest stories.(B)The programming content of Nighttime News is more closely aligned with the interests of the overall audience than is the content of World News.(C)Some World News viewers liked the new Nighttime News programming better than they liked the World News

32、programming.(D)There are other possible causes for an increase in the number of viewers of Nighttime News,including a recent ad campaign that aired on many local affiliates.(E)The quality of World News will remain constant even if Nighttime News improves.For several years,Nighttime News attracted fe

33、wer viewers than World News,which broadcasts its show at the same time as Nighttime News.Recently,the producers of Nighttime News added personal interest stories andincreased coverage of sports and weather.The two programs now have aroughly equal number of viewers.Clearly,the recent programming chan

34、gespersuaded viewers to switch from World News to Nighttime News.Which of the following is an assumption on which the author relies?16(1)bridge a gap between any premise and the conclusion,and(2)support/strengthen/validate the conclusion.PremiseConclusion Assumption17The local university recently hi

35、red a new soccer coach.Although she has several years worth of coaching experience and is a diligent student of the game,she was never a member of a collegiate soccer team.For this reason,the new coach will be unable to build a successful program.The argument above is based on which of the following

36、 assumptions?(A)The local university should have hired a former collegiate soccer player as its new coach.(B)Coaching experience is one of the most crucial factors for coaching success.(C)The previous coach at the university was dismissed due to her lack of success(D)To build a successful soccer pro

37、gram as a coach,one must be a former collegiate soccer player.(E)The university does not plan to provide the new coach with the resources necessary to build a successful program.紧跟结论，不能转移话题重心紧跟结论，不能转移话题重心18紧跟结论紧跟结论When news periodicals begin forecasting a recession,people tend to spendless money on

38、discretionary purchases.Therefore,the perceived threat ofrecession decreases the willingness of people to purchase products that theyregard as optional or luxury goods.The argument above assumes that _(A)there are more luxury goods available after a recession is forecast(B)recently,the threat of rec

39、ession has been increasingly publicized as newsperiodicals have grown more pervasive(C)most people do not regularly read news periodicals(D)peoples perception of the threat of recession increases when newsperiodicals begin forecasting a recession(E)the people who spent the most money before a recess

40、ion was forecastwere among those who curtailed their spending after the recession becameapparent19紧跟结论紧跟结论PremiseConclusion AssumptionNews periodicals publish the forecast of a recessionPeople spend less money on discretionary itemsTherefore,the perceived threat causes people to spend less moneyAs a

41、 result,peoples perception of the threat of a recession increases As a result,peoples perception of the threat of a recession does not does not increases Negating any correct assumption will destroy the argument 20紧跟结论紧跟结论Sam is currently the deputy mayor of Geneva County.Therefore,Sam should be the

42、 next mayor of Geneva when the current mayor retiresWhich of the following is an assumption on which the author relies?Imagine two possible answer choices:(A)Sam is the most honest person in the whole county.(B)The deputy mayor is always the best person to become the next mayor when a current mayor

43、retires.Sam is NOT NECESSARILY the most honest person in the whole county.The deputy mayor is NOT NECESSARILY the best person to become the next mayor when a current mayor retires.21Always.only.all:insert Not necessarily.or Some.not in place of All.(B)Tomatoes are always red.LEN:Tomatoes are NOT NEC

44、ESSARILY always red.Never.none,not one.not once:change to At least one or at least once.(D)Not one player was late for practice.LEN:AT LEAST ONE player was late for practice.Some,a few,several:change to No or None.(Notice that this may sound extreme)(A)Some cats purr when you pet them.LEN:NO cats pu

45、rr when you pet them.Sometimes,on Occasion,often:change to Never.(Notice that this may sound extreme)(A)Cats sometimes purr when you pet them.LEN:Cats NEVER purr when you pet them.At least,at most.more than,less than:change to the mathematically opposite term.(C)She has at least three different job

46、offers.LEN:She has LESS THAN THREE different job offers.2223紧跟结论紧跟结论For several years,Nighttime News attracted fewer viewers than World News,which broadcasts its show at the same time as Nighttime News Recently,the producers of Nighttime News added personal interest stories andincreased coverage of

47、sports and weather.The two programs now have aroughly equal number of viewers.Clearly,the recent programming changespersuaded viewers to switch from World News to Nighttime News.Which of the following is an assumption on which the author relies?(A)Viewers are more interested in sports and weather th

48、an in personal interest stories.(B)The programming content of Nighttime News is more closely aligned with the interests of the overall audience than is the content of World News.(C)Some World News viewers liked the new Nighttime News programming better than they liked the World News programming.(0)T

49、here are other possible causes for an increase in the number of viewers of Nighttime News,including a recent ad campaign that aired on many local affiliates.(E)The quality of World News will remain constant even if Nighttime News improves.24Assumptions can serve to fill in a logic gapAssumptions can

50、 establish the feasibility of the premises of the argumentAssumptions can eliminate alternate paths to reach a given conclusionCategories of AssumptionSidneys get-rich-quick scheme is sure to succeed.He will buy Sidneys get-rich-quick scheme is sure to succeed.He will buy undervalued properties in f