二尖瓣的病理生理学教学课件.ppt
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- 二尖瓣 病理 生理学 教学 课件
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1、 Alan Sihoe Cardiothoracic Surgery Teaching Round 2nd August 20022021/01/211Epidemiology 1998 in the UK:6471 first time valve replacements of which 28%MVR Numbers increasing2021/01/212 Mitral Annulus:fibro-muscular skeleton Anchors base of valve leaflets Leaflets:conn tissue+muscle+vessels/nerves An
2、terior(aortic):larger;1/3 of annulus Posterior(mural):2/3 of annulusAnatomy2021/01/213Anatomy Papillary muscles:Anterolateral Posteromedial Chordae tendinae 1st,2nd,3rd order Approx 25 major chordal trunks 100 attachments to leaflets No consensus on timing of muscle activity with cardiac cycle2021/0
3、1/214Annular dynamics Annular size Increases in late systole(maximum in diastole)Contracts in pre-systole(minimum in midsystole)Annular shape More eccentric in systole Annular position Moves up towards LA in diastole Moves down towards LV apex in systole2021/01/215Leaflet dynamics Opening Starts in
4、center,moving to edges Flapping of edges at max.opening Closing(begins in late diastole)Bulging at base/annular attachment Leaflet ascends towards LA Bulging rolls from annulus to edge2021/01/216 Aetiology:Rheumatic Male:female ratio is 1:2-3 Acquired early(30mmHg:pulm transudation reduced lung comp
5、liance Pulm art systolic pressure 60mmHg impedes RV emptying right heart failure Ultimately irreversible pulm vascular changes2021/01/2111MS:Natural historyProgressive life-long diseaseLong latencySymptoms:i.Low cardiac output:dyspnoea,fatigueii.Pulmonary congestion/HT(orthopnea,PND)right heart fail
6、ure hemoptysisiii.Atrial fibrillation/Thromboembolismiv.Cardiac cachexia2021/01/2112MS:Natural history Onset of symptoms to disability:10 years 10 year survival:Asymptomatic(NYHA class I)80%(progression)Symptomatic(NYHA class III)20%Causes of death:CHF 60-70%Systemic embolism 20-30%Pulmonary embolis
7、m 10%Infection 1-5%2021/01/2113MS:Investigations CXR:LA enlargement,pulm congestion ECG:LA enlargement(notched P in II,V1)atrial arrhythmias?RVH Echo:valve area,LA/LV dimensions Doppler:measures pressure gradients TOE:better mitral/LA visualization Cardiac catheter:not essential Assocd disease;LV ve
8、ntriculography&pressures2021/01/2114MS:Medical therapy Pharmacological Tx of mild heart failure,bronchitis,arrhythmias,hemoptysis Endocarditis prophylaxis Anticoagulation:Hx of AF/thromboembolism Balloon(or open)Valvuloplasty2021/01/2115MS:Indications for surgerySymptomatic(NYHA class III-IV):MVR1.h
9、 long-term survival10 year survival:0-20%90%(89%at 15 yrs)2.h functional capacityValve area 1-1.5cm2 (normal 4-6 cm2)Systemic emboli2021/01/2116MS:Indications for surgery Class I-II:controversial Risk of SCD if asymptomatic:negligible Survival not improved by MVR?role of valvotomy(pulmonary HT,AF)MV
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