病毒感染与自身免疫病课件.ppt
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1、病毒感染与自身免疫病 Virus Infections and autoimmunity Exogenous viruses:EBV Molecular mechanism for autoimmunityEnogenous viruses:HERVAutoimmune disease:A role for new antiviral therapies?Outline Virus Infections and autoimmunity(Background)自身免疫是机体失去对自身抗原的免疫耐受自身免疫是机体失去对自身抗原的免疫耐受自身免疫病因与发病机制十分复杂自身免疫病因与发病机制十分复杂
2、:遗传背景,但环境因素和生活方式等的也有重要作遗传背景,但环境因素和生活方式等的也有重要作用。用。研究表明病毒和细菌等感染与自身免疫病的发生、发研究表明病毒和细菌等感染与自身免疫病的发生、发展密切关系。展密切关系。一些病毒感染可导致机体失去对自身抗原免疫耐受,一些病毒感染可导致机体失去对自身抗原免疫耐受,因而诱发、促进或加重自身免疫病。因而诱发、促进或加重自身免疫病。已证明某些病毒感染与一些自身免疫病密切相关,并已证明某些病毒感染与一些自身免疫病密切相关,并发现病毒与宿主细胞的某些基因或其蛋白分子之间存发现病毒与宿主细胞的某些基因或其蛋白分子之间存在着结构类似性,因而可发生交叉免疫反应性。这种
3、在着结构类似性,因而可发生交叉免疫反应性。这种分子模拟假说获动物实验的支持。分子模拟假说获动物实验的支持。少数少数T细胞克隆逃细胞克隆逃 避阴性选择避阴性选择 进入外周进入外周识别自身抗原识别自身抗原 通过激活诱导通过激活诱导细胞死亡(细胞死亡(AICD)(FasL-Fas-凋亡)部分部分T细胞克隆细胞克隆 逃避逃避AICD识别自身抗原识别自身抗原自身免疫病自身免疫病(AID)T细胞发育过程自身细胞发育过程自身耐受形成耐受形成及逃避机制及逃避机制B细胞发育过程自身细胞发育过程自身耐受形成耐受形成及逃避机制及逃避机制 克隆清除克隆清除 结合结合 克隆无能克隆无能 克隆忽视克隆忽视 不结合不结合
4、克隆发育成熟克隆发育成熟激活自身免疫病自身免疫病 自身免疫病自身免疫病激活B细胞细胞骨髓细胞骨髓细胞表面抗原表面抗原HostMHCLoss of ToleranceImmune system defectsSusceptibility GenesEndogenous VirusesAutoimmune diseaseEnvironment and autoimmunityChemical substancesMicrobial AgentsdrugsUVB lightVaccinestyphoid,influenza,meningococcal,tetanus toxoid,measles,m
5、umps,and rubellaDiet/Nutrition新西兰小鼠(NzB)自发产生抗DNA抗红细胞抗体溶血性贫血狼疮性肾炎自然发生新西兰小鼠(NZW)不发生系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)NZB X NZW(F1)杂交小鼠抗DNA和其他核抗体与人类SLE类似感染病毒感染病毒自身抗体效价更高自身免疫病的发生更早发生自身免疫病These observations lend further support that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in autoimmune disease.Exogenous virusesExog
6、enous microbial agents,such as bacteria or viruses,interact with and sometimes might override the human immune system to cause infectious diseases,cancers and autoimmunity.Exogenous viral agents have also been implicated as potential triggers or pathogenic agents of autoimmune conditions.Viruses whi
7、ch have been linked to the pathogenesis of SLE include EpsteinBarr Virus(EBV)Cytomegalovirus(CMV),parvovirus(细小)B19 Human Papilloma Virus(HPV),Human Herpes Virus(HHV6),HHV7,HHV8,Dengue virus HIV human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV,人类嗜T细胞病毒)EBV as a potential viral agent in SLEIn SLE,EBV has been h
8、ighlighted as a potential pathogenic agent through serological studies of patients that have shown antibodies to early antigens,capsid and latent membrane proteins in much higher frequency as compared to controlsin pediatric SLE,99%of patients are antiEBV Ab+compared to 70%of controlsIn people with
9、SLE,the number of EBV infected B cells is elevated 10 to 100 times over the levels in controls,and the amount of free virus in serum is also elevated.molecular analysis of complementary EBV transcripts appears to substantiate these observationIncreased virus levels are associated with disease flares
10、 LMP1 mRNA is the most frequently detected latent EBV product in the blood of SLE patientsa metaanalysis of serological studies revealed that antibodies to capsid and early antigen proteins were particularly prominent.EBV is recognized as a strong polyclonal B cell activator and therefore could stim
11、ulate a substantial number of potentially autoreactive B cells.EBV 结构和蛋白(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)Epstein和Barr:1964年首次成功地在Burkitt非洲儿童淋巴瘤细胞中发现靶细胞:B细胞、鼻咽上皮细胞、胃上皮感染类型:潜伏感染 核抗原(EBNA),潜伏膜蛋白(LMP)增殖感染 早期蛋白(EA),病毒衣壳抗原(VCA)膜抗原(MA)受体:CD21分子增殖性感染表达的抗原 当EBV进入宿主细胞后,首先表达反式激活蛋白ZERBA,进而激活EBV早期基因,产生增殖性感染。EBV早期抗原(early
12、 antigen,EA)增殖早期诱导的非结构蛋白,分为 EAR存在于细胞浆中 EAD存在于细胞浆和细胞核内,并具有EBV特异的DNA多聚酶活性。EA表示EBV增殖活跃,是感染细胞进入溶解性周期的标志。非洲儿童恶性淋巴瘤患者抗EAR抗体阳性,鼻咽癌患者抗EAD抗体阳性。EBV衣壳抗原(viral capsid antigen,VCA):病毒增殖晚期合成的结构蛋白,存在于细胞浆和细胞核内。VCA:与病毒DNA组成EBV的核衣壳,在核膜出芽时获得包膜装配成完整病毒体。VCAIgM:出现早,消失快,VCAIgG:出现晚,持续时间长。EBV膜抗原(membrance antigen,MA)存在于细胞表面
13、,为包膜糖蛋白,其中 糖蛋白gp320/220能诱导产生中和抗体。MAIgM:用于早期诊断,MAIgG:可体内持续存在。潜伏性感染表达的抗原 EBV在记忆B细胞及某些上皮细胞中可表现为潜伏感染,仅部分表达基因发生转录,选择性表达EBV潜伏感染期蛋白。EBV核抗原(EB nuclear antigen,EBNA):DNA结合蛋白,所有EBV感染 和转化的B细胞核内均可检出该抗原。(EBNA1,2,3A,3B,and 3C)EBNA1:与EBV基因组以环状附加体(episome)形式持续存在,对细 胞处理和抗原提呈功能具有抑制作用,从而逃避宿主细胞的 CTL杀伤作用,因此与维持EBV基因组在感染细
14、胞内潜伏有关;EBNA2和EBNA3为转录因子:可调控多种病毒蛋白和宿主细胞蛋白的表 达,与诱导B细胞转化有关。潜伏感染膜蛋白(latent membrance protein,LMP):存在于潜伏感染B细胞表面,有LMP1和LMP2(LMP2A,LMP2B)两种。LMP1:功能类似活化的生长因子受体,能与细胞抑癌蛋白(肿瘤坏死因子受体相关 因子,TRAF)相互作用,抑制细胞凋亡,诱导B细胞转化,是一种致癌蛋白;LMP2:细胞酪氨酸激酶的底物,具有阻止潜伏病毒激活的作用。Gp350-CD21BMRF2-1整合素gp110-?EBV specific CD8+Tcells are enriche
15、d in or near the diseased organs of patients with RA and MS.膜抗原(MA)Bystander Activation(旁路激活)MSRV 体内外均可激活Tcells 并诱导产生 cytokines.EBV as a potential viral agent in SLEEBV 诱导内源性逆转录病毒产生 HERVK18HERVK18编码超抗原激活 T细胞HERV数量虽多,但大部分由于突变、缺失等的积累,已经没有编码能力。in serum is also elevated.domains,termed CTAR1,CTAR2 and CT
16、AR3,which recruit TNFR-associated signalling adapter proteinsautoimmune disease.抗DNA和其他核抗体与人类SLE类似Serum antibodies from SLE patients have also demonstrated to an envelope derived peptide of HERV K10typhoid,influenza,meningococcal,tetanus toxoid,measles,mumps,and rubellaERV3,HERVE 41HERV抗体在睾丸肿瘤、乳癌和黑素
17、瘤中很常见。(HTLV,人类嗜T细胞病毒)molecular analysis of complementary EBV transcripts appears to substantiate these observation结合 克隆无能Immunological Mechanisms for AutoimmunityMolecular MimicryBystander Activation and Epitope Spreading Polyspecific Bcell Activation Accumulation of EBVspecific CD8+Tcells in Sites
18、of Inflammation Transactivation of Human Endogenous Retroviruses (反式激活)Molecular mimicrySequence or structural similarities between microbial and selfantigens are believed to cause crossreactivity of Tcells,Bcells and antibodies EBNA1In SLE,autoantibodies against epitopes on SmBB and SmD have been s
19、hown to crossreact with different domains of EBNA1 EBNA1 motif PPPGRRP(aa 398404)Rabbits immunized lupuslike autoimmune disease EBNA1 full length protein mice immunized antidsDNA and antiSm antibodiesRo(aa 169180)autoantibodies SLE EBNA1(aa 5872)cross-reaction李玲玲,朱珊丽,李文姝,薛向阳,张丽芳*EBV核蛋白-1B细胞表位的预测及其同源
20、性分析 生物医学工程学杂志 2011,28(2):371-375LMP1LMP1 expression has been implicated in making important contributions to a variety of human malignancies,as well as to autoimmune diseases.LMP1 alters Bcell biology and the molecular mechanisms by which it exerts these effects by LMP1mediated signaling pathwaysFig
21、.1.Activation of cell signalling pathways by LMP1.The carboxyl terminus of LMP1 contains three signalling domains,termed CTAR1,CTAR2 and CTAR3,which recruit TNFR-associated signalling adapter proteins(TRAF,TRADD,RIP),BS69 and Janus kinase(JAK)-3 proteins.These activate the NF-B,JNK/SAPK,PI3-K/Akt,ER
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