微积分英文课件 -005.ppt
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1、The best way to learn mathematics is to do mathematicsChapter 4 Applications of differentiation4.1 Maximum and minimum values4.2 The Mean value Theorem4.3 How Derivatives Affect the shape of a Graph4.4 Indeterminate Forms and L Hospitals Rule4.5 Summary of Curve Sketching4.6 Graphing with Calculus a
2、nd Calculators4.7 Optimization Problems4.8 Applications to business and Economics4.9 Newtons Method4.10 Antiderivatives A function f has an(or)at cif()for all xin D,where Dis the domain of f.absolute maxiumuglobal maximummaxThe number of()is called theof f on D.Similarly,f hasimum valueabsolute mini
3、manat cifD()()for all xefuinitioninmf cf xf cf cf xD and the number f(c)is called theof f on D.The maximum and minimum values of fare calledminmumvalueextreme valuethes of f.4.1 Maximum and minimum valuesThe maximum and minimum values of f are called the extreme values of f.cd(c,f(c)(d,f(d)A functio
4、n f has amaximum(or)at cif()when x is near c.This meanthat()for all x in some openinterval containing c.SimilaLocalrelrly,f hasative maximumlocal minmuDefinaat c if()()when x is near cti nm.i of cf xf cf xf cf xExample:4118163)(234xxxxxfxxfcos)(2)(xxf3)(xxfExample:Example:Example:int,maxmum()minimum
5、(),.If f is continuouson a closederval a b then f attainsan absolutevalue f c and anabsolutevalue f d at somenumbers cThe ExtremeTheoand d in ambreWe have seen that some functions have extreme values,whereas others do not.The following theoremgives conditions under which a function is guaranteed to
6、possess extreme values.Example)1,0(,xxyThis function has no maximum or minimum xoy1121,31,110,1)(xxxxxxfxoy1122机动 目录 上页 下页 返回 结束 ExampleThis function has no maximum or minimum Caution:nThe conditions cannot be weakened.Example22341()122223xxxf xxxxx Caution:The conditions is sufficient,but not neces
7、sary.This function has minimum value f(-1)=-4This function has maximum value f(-4)nProblem:nThe Extreme Value Theorem says that a continuous function on a closed interval has a maximum value and minimum value.nBut it does not tell us how to find these extreme values.nWe start by looking for local ex
8、treme values.If f has a local maximumor minmum at c,and if f(c)exiFermats Tsts,thenheof=e0r m(c)cProof:Without loss of generality,we consider local Maximum:(),()(),chcf chf c()()0,f chf chWe haveif 0,h()()0,f chf ch0,h if 0()()lim0hf chf ch()fc()fc()()()0.fcfcfc0()()lim0hf chf ch()fcThereforeBecause
9、 exists,ThusnCaution:n1)The condition is just sufficient.We cannot expect to locate extreme values simply by setting and solving for x.For example:2)There may be an extreme value even when does not exist.For example:0)(xf0)(3xatxxf()fc0)(xatxxfnFermats Theorem does suggest that we should at least st
10、art looking for extreme values of f at the numbers c where or does not exist.nDefinition:nA critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such that either or does not exist.0)(cf0)(cf)(cf)(cf nConclusion:If f has a local maximum or minimum at c,then c is a critical number of f.nTo
11、 find an absolute maximum or minimum of a continuous function on a closed interval,we note that either it is local in which case it occur at a critical number by the above conclusion nor it occurs at an endpoint of the interval.nThe Closed Interval Method n To find the absolute maximum and minimum v
12、alues of a continous function f on a closed interval a,b:n1)Find the values of f at the critical numbers of f in(a,b).n2)Find the values of f at the endpoints of the interval.n3)The largest of the values from step 1)and step 2)is the absolute maximum value;the smallest of these values is the absolut
13、e minimum value.nExample Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the functionnSolution:Since f is continuous on the given closed interval,we can use the Closed Interval Method:42113)(23xxxxf1233maximumminimum()(1)12Find the absoluteandvalueof the function f xxxx ,.解解答答23133(1)xyxx,10,13Thust
14、he critical numbers arexxand xTherefore,0y if130,xthat is,1,3x and dose not existywhen0,1.xor x解解答答x()fx134001/334/310232The values of at these critical numbers and at the endpoints of the interval areyComparing these numbers,we get 3max(2)2yf3min(1)4.yf kmp 4.2 The Mean Value TheoremnRolle s Theore
15、m:Let f be a function that satisfy the following three hypotheses:n1)f is continuous on the closed interval a,b.n2)f is differentiable on the open interval(a,b).n3)f(a)=f(b)nThen there is a number c in(a,b)such that 0)(cfbachaipisi:z nProof Because f(x)is continuous on a,b,by the Extreme Value Theor
16、em,we know that f(x)can take on its absolute maximum M and absolute minimum m there are two cases:nCase1:M=m means that f(x)is a constant function,then ,so any number c in(a,b)is OK!ab0)(xfn Case2:m0 for all x in(a,b),then f(x)is strictly increasing on a,b.(2)If f(x)0 for all x in(a,b),then f(x)is s
17、trictly decreasing on a,b.PROOF Choose any two points x1 and x2 in a,b with x10 for all x in I,then the graph of f(x)is concave upward on I.If f”(x)0 when x-1/3 and f”(x)0 when x-1/3.Intervalsign of f -+behavior of f(,1/3)1/3(1/3,)the sign of and the behavior of f are recorded below.f-12-8-4 4812-12
18、-8-44812 By Concavity Test,we get the following results:the graph of f(x)is concave downward on(-,-1/3)and is concave upward on(-1/3,+).So the point(-1/3,-88/27)is an inflection point.The graph of f is sketched in Figure 2.-12-8-4 4812-12-8-44812Figure 2The Second Derivative Test Suppose that f(x)is
19、 differentiable on an open interval containing c and that f(c)=0.1 If f”(c)0,then f(x)has a local minimum at c.Example 6 Discuss the curve y=f(x)=x4-4x3 with respect to local maxima and minima.Solution 3222()4124(3)()122412(2)fxxxxxfxxxx xTo find the critical numbers we set f(x)=0 and obtain x=0 and
20、 x=3.To use the Second Derivative Test we evaluate f”at these critical numbers:f”(0)=0 f”(3)=360 Since f(3)=0 and f”(3)0,f(3)=-27 is a local minimum.Since f”(0)=0,the Second Derivative Test gives no information about the critical number 0.But since f(x)0 for x0 and also for 0 x3,the First Derivative
21、 Test tells us that f does not have a local maximum or minimum at 0.Example 7 Sketch the graph of the function f(x)=x2/3(6-x)1/3.Solution 1/32/34/35/348()()(6)(6)Since()0 when4 and()does not exist when 0 or 6,the critical numbers are 0,4,and 6.xfxfxxxxxfxxfxxx Interval (-,0)(0,4)(4,6)(6,+)f +fdecrea
22、sing on(-,0)increasing on(0,4)decreasing on(4,6)decreasing on(6,+)By the First derivative Test,f(0)=0 is a local minimum and f(4)=25/3 is a local maximum.The sign of f does not change at 6,so there is no minimum or maximum there.Looking at the expression for f”(x),we have f”(x)0 for x0 and for 0 x0
23、for x6.Thus f is concave downward on(-,0)and(0,6)and concave upward on(6,+),and the only inflection point is(6,0).The graph is sketched in Figure 4.Figure 44.5 Summary of Curve sketchingGuidelines for Sketching a CurveA.Domain E.Intervals of Increase or DecreaseB.Intercepts F.Local Extreme ValuesC.S
24、ymmetry G.Concavity and Points of InflectionD.Asymptotes H.Sketch the CurveExample 1 Use the guidelines to sketch the curve222.1xyxExample 1 Use the guidelines to sketch the curve222.1xyxA.The domain isB.The x-and y-intercepts are both 0.C.Since f(-x)=f(x),the function f is even.D.Therefore,the line
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