06无机化学术语(I)课件.ppt

1、信息检索与文献阅读信息检索与文献阅读（化学（化学0701-0702）2009年年10月月10日日第一部分第一部分 化学专业基础英语阅读化学专业基础英语阅读 （20学时）学时）第二部分第二部分 英文阅读材料英文阅读材料 （12学时）学时）第三部分第三部分 信息检索信息检索 （16学时）学时）第一章第一章 作为定量科学和物质科学的化学作为定量科学和物质科学的化学第二章第二章 原子、分子和离子原子、分子和离子第三章第三章 气态气态第四章第四章 热化学热化学第五章第五章 有机化合物和基团的命名有机化合物和基团的命名第六章第六章 无机化学无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、有机化学、物理化学、分分 析化学化学

2、术语析化学化学术语 第一部分第一部分 化学专业基础英语阅读化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）学时）第二部分第二部分 英文阅读材料（英文阅读材料（12学时）学时）第一章第一章 松香酸度的标准测试方法松香酸度的标准测试方法 第二章第二章 族半导体制备的新方法：族半导体制备的新方法：InP纳米晶纳米晶 的超声化学合成的超声化学合成 第三章第三章 分子离子材料的计算机模拟分子离子材料的计算机模拟 第四章第四章 透射透射Laue法的法的X射线衍射射线衍射 第五章第五章 销售合同销售合同 第六章第六章 专利说明书专利说明书 第三部分第三部分 信息检索（信息检索（16学时）学时）第一章第一章 信息检索基础信息

3、检索基础 第二章第二章 超星图书馆超星图书馆 第三章第三章 中国期刊网中国期刊网 第四章第四章 维普维普 第五章第五章 工程索引（工程索引（Ei）第六章第六章 美国化学文摘（美国化学文摘（CA）第七章第七章 专利专利 教材和参考书：教材和参考书：1、魏高原，魏高原，化学专业基础英语知识（化学专业基础英语知识（I）（）（Introductory Chemistry Speciality English），），北京大学出版社，北京大学出版社，2004。2、Reading Materials(自编讲义自编讲义)。3 3、陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版社，陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版

4、社，20052005。4 4、万锡仁，万锡仁，Information Retrieval and Related Information Retrieval and Related Reading MaterialsReading Materials，（待出版）。，（待出版）。5、美美 Philip Ball 著，魏高原等注释，著，魏高原等注释，化学专业基础英化学专业基础英语（语（II），），北京大学出版社，北京大学出版社，2001。课堂教学内容安排课堂教学内容安排第一节课第一节课教学要求说明教学要求说明词汇预习词汇预习课文阅读理解课文阅读理解第二节课第二节课课文阅读理解（续）课文阅读理解（续

5、）答疑答疑布置课后作业布置课后作业课堂书面练习课堂书面练习Chapter 6Inorganic chemical,organic chemical,physical chemical,analytical chemical,and biochemical terms 第六章第六章 无机化学、有机化学、物理化无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语1、无机化学术语（、无机化学术语（I）一、教学要求一、教学要求掌握：掌握：常用的无机化学的化学术语和常用的无机化学的化学术语和 概念；化学专业文献的阅读和概念；化学专业文献的阅读和 理解。理解。熟悉：无机化

6、学（中文）熟悉：无机化学（中文）了解：不常用的元素的英文名称了解：不常用的元素的英文名称。二、二、词汇（词汇（New Words and Expressions）periodic table 元素周期表元素周期表electronic structure 电子结构电子结构periodicity 周期性周期性classical 经典的经典的wavelength 波长波长frequency 频率频率wave number 波数波数diffraction 衍射衍射obstacle 障碍物障碍物quantum 量子量子quantized量子化量子化quantum theory量子理论量子理论photoe

7、lectric effect 光电效应光电效应photon光子光子whole-number multiple 整数倍整数倍Einstein 爱因斯坦爱因斯坦shine on 照到照到.上上device器件器件automatic door opener 自动开门器自动开门器radiant energy 辐射能量辐射能量quantum mechanics 量子力学量子力学Heisenberg uncertainty principle海森堡测不准原理海森堡测不准原理momentum 动量动量simultaneously 同时地同时地 directional 方向的方向的maintain 保持保持a

8、ngular momentum角动量角动量ground state基态基态excited state 激发态激发态quantum number 量子数量子数radius（radii）半径）半径lowest energy orbital 最低能量轨道最低能量轨道multiplier 乘数乘数atomic orbital原子轨道原子轨道the four quantum number四个量子数四个量子数specific energy 特定能量特定能量 Schrdinger equation薛定谔方程薛定谔方程spin quantum number 自旋量子数自旋量子数principal quantu

9、m number主量子数主量子数angular momentum quantum number 角量子数角量子数magnetic quantum number磁量子数磁量子数pin down使使约束约束electron configuration电子组态电子组态Pauli exclusion principle 不相容原理不相容原理 Hunds principle 洪特洪特规则规则subshell 亚层亚层paramagnetism 顺顺磁性磁性diamagnetism 反磁性反磁性magnetic field 磁场磁场unpaired electron 未成对电子未成对电子group 族族p

10、eriod 周期周期noble gas 惰性气体惰性气体representative element主族元素主族元素 transition element 过渡元素过渡元素alkali metal 碱金属碱金属alkaline earth metal 碱土金属碱土金属transuranium超铀的超铀的metal 金属金属nonmetal 非金属非金属semiconducting element半导体元素半导体元素三、课文的阅读理解三、课文的阅读理解学生阅读课文学生阅读课文510分钟，教分钟，教师指定学生逐段朗读课文，并翻师指定学生逐段朗读课文，并翻译成中文，教师及时评讲。译成中文，教师及时评

11、讲。1.periodic table,electronic structure（元素周期表，电子结构（元素周期表，电子结构）The periodic table groups the elements in order of increasing atomic number in such a way that elements with similar properties fall near each other.As the atomic number increases,the number of electrons in each atom also increases.A full

12、 appreciation正确评价正确评价of electronic structure-how the electrons are arranged in atoms-is essential必要的必要的for understanding the similarities and periodicities of the elements.Understanding electronic structure,in turn,requires a brief excursion into classical and modern physics.(The word classical is g

13、enerally used for anything that was established and important in the past.)2.wavelength,frequency,wave number,diffraction（波长、频率、波数和衍射波长、频率、波数和衍射）Wavelength(,Greek lambda)is the distance between any two similar points on adjacent waves.The frequency(,Greek nu)of light is the number of complete waves,

14、also known as the number of cycles,passing a given point in a unit of time.(Notice that the speed of light is equal to the product and ,i.e.,c=.)The wave number is the number of wavelengths per unit of length covered,i.e.=1/.Diffraction is the spreading of waves as they pass obstacles or openings，小孔

15、小孔comparable in size to their wavelength.3.quantum,quantized,quantum theory,photoelectric effect,photon（量子、量量子、量子化、量子理论、光电效应和光子）子化、量子理论、光电效应和光子）Light can be regarded as made up of particles each of which carries a definite amount of energy,referred to as a quantum.Something(物理量物理量)that is quantized使

16、量子化使量子化is restricted to amounts that are whole-number multiples of the basic unit,or quantum,for the particular system.Quantum theory is a general term for the idea that energy is quantized and the consequences of that idea.By assuming that light is quantized,Einstein was able to explain the photoel

17、ectric effect,in which electrons are released by certain metals(particularly Cs and the other alkali metals,Li,Na,K,and Rb(Rubidium)when light shines照耀照耀on 照到照到.上上 them.(The photoelectric effect is used in practical devices such as automatic door openers(开门器开门器).)A quantum of radiant energy is calle

18、d a photon.4.quantum mechanics,Heisenberg uncertainty principle,momentum（量子力学，海森堡测不准原理，动量）量子力学，海森堡测不准原理，动量）Mechanics is the study of motion,and quantum mechanics(is)that refers to the study of the motion of entities实体实体 that are small enough and move fast enough to have both observable wavelike and

19、particlelike properties.What is called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle may be stated as follows:It is impossible to know simultaneously both the exact momentum and the exact position of an electron.(Momentum is mass times velocity.It expresses not only the tendency of a moving body to keep movi

20、ng,but also,since velocity is a directional quantity,to maintain the direction of its motion.)5.angular momentum,ground state,excited states,quantum number角动量、基态、激发态和量子数角动量、基态、激发态和量子数 Angular momentum,which is given by mass times velocity times the radius of a bodys motion,is a measure of the tenden

21、cy of a body to keep moving on a curved path.The lowest energy orbital,the one in which the single electron in a hydrogen atom normally resides,is the ground state for that electron.The states of energy higher than the ground state are excited states,reached by the electron when the atom has absorbe

22、d extra energy.A quantum number is a whole-number multiplier that specifies an amount of energy.6.atomic orbital,the four quantum numbers(原子的轨道和四个量子数原子的轨道和四个量子数)The region in which an electron with a specific energy will most probably be located is called an atomic orbital.The designation of the orb

23、ital location of an electron requires four quantum numbers.Independent of any experienced evidence,three of them arise from solutions of the Schrodinger equation.A fourth quantum number,the spin quantum number ms(=-1/2,+1/2),is needed to complete the designation of each individual electron within an

24、 atom(because the electron can occupy the orbital in two different orientations).The first quantum number,the principal quantum number n,identifies确定确定the main energy levels(like the balconies).The second,the subshell亚层亚层quantum number l(=0,1,2,.n-1)(traditionally called either the angular momentum

25、or azimuthal方位角的方位角的quantum number)identifies sublevels of energy亚能亚能级级within the main energy level(like the rows in each balcony).The third quantum number is the orbital quantum number m l (=-l,.,0,.+l)(traditionally called the magnetic quantum number)-it pins down（使（使约束）约束）the location of individu

26、al electrons in orbitals(like the seats in each row).7.electron configuration,Pauli exclusion priciple,Hunds principle（电子组态，（电子组态，Pauli 不相容原理不相容原理,Hunds 规则）规则）The electronic configuration of an atom is the distribution among the subshells of all of the electrons in the atom.Pauli exclusion principle

27、:No two electrons can have the same(four)quantum numbers.Hunds principle：Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by a single electron before any of them acquires a second electron.8.paramagnetism,diamagnetism（顺顺磁性磁性,反磁性反磁性）Paramagnetism顺磁性顺磁性is the property of attraction to a magnetic field shown

28、 by substances containing unpaired electrons.Diamagnetism反磁性反磁性is the property of repulsion by a magnetic field and shows the absence of unpaired electrons.9.group(family),period,noble gas（族（族(家族的家族的)，周期，周期,惰性气体）惰性气体）The elements in a single vertical column in the periodic table are referred to as m

29、embers of a group or family.A horizontal row in the periodic table is called a period.Each period ends with a noble gas-an element in which all energy sublevels（亚层）（亚层）that are occupied are completely filled.10.representative elements,transition elements（主族元素和过渡元素（主族元素和过渡元素）The elements in which the

30、 s and p sublevels are filling are called the representative elements,which include alkali metals(Group I),alkaline earth metals(Group),chalcogens(Group VI)and halogens(Group VII ).The transition elements include all elements in which the d or f sublevels are filling.These are referred to as the d-t

31、ransition elements and the f-transition elements.(The lanthanides and the actinides are f-transition elements.)Sometimes the f-transition elements are called the inner transition elements.Scandium,yttrium,and all of the sixth-period elements from lanthanum to lutetium are also known as the rare eart

32、h elements.Following uranium(Z=92)come the transuranium elements.11.metals,nonmetals,semiconducting elements（金属、非金属、半导体元素）金属、非金属、半导体元素）Both in position in the periodic table and in properties,the semiconducting elements fall between the metals and the nonmetals.12.chemical bond,valence electrons,Lew

33、is symbol In writing a definition of the c he mi c a l bo nd w e mus t distinguish chemical bonding from other,weaker and less long-lasting forces.We choose to define the chemical bond as a force that acts strongly enough between two atoms or groups of atoms to hold them together in a different spec

34、ies that has measurable properties.Valence electrons are the electrons that are available to take part in chemical bonding.(The number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative element equals to the group number of that element.)In a Lewis symbol the outer electrons are indicated by dots(o

35、r circles,or xs,etc.)arranged around the atomic symbol.The pairing of two electrons（成对电子）（成对电子）in the same orbital is represented by two dots on the same side of the symbol.13.chemical stability,octet rule,chemical reactivity（化学稳定性化学稳定性,八电八电子规则子规则,化学反应性）化学反应性）The noble惰性的惰性的gases fall at the end of

36、each period in the periodic table and as a group（they）are the least reactive of all the elements.This resistance to chemical change,or chemical stability,is credited to,把把.归给归给the completely filled outer s and p subshells of the noble gases.According to the octet rule,atoms tend to combine by gain,l

37、oss,or sharing of electron so that the outer energy level of each atom holds(拥有拥有)or shares four pairs of electrons.Sodium is a silvery metal that has high chemical reactivity,that is,a tendency to undergo chemical reactions.14.metallic bonding,ionic bonding(金属键、离子键）金属键、离子键）Metallic bonding is the a

38、ttraction between positive metal ions and surrounding,freely mobile electrons.Ionic bonding is the attraction between positive and negative ions.四、答疑四、答疑一般情况下，争对学生提一般情况下，争对学生提出的问题进行个别答疑。出的问题进行个别答疑。1Translate the technical terms in the text into Chinese by referring to relevant dictionaries.2Translat

39、e this text into Chinese.五、课后作业五、课后作业复习内容：复习内容：1、复习和整理本课文的专业词汇；、复习和整理本课文的专业词汇；2、本课文的全文翻译。、本课文的全文翻译。预习内容：预习内容：第六章第六章 无机化学、有机化学、物理无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语语 1、无机化学术语（、无机化学术语（II）六、课堂练习六、课堂练习The acitivity of a catalyst is properly expressed as the rate per unit area(usually per m2)of a

40、ctive surface,and comparisons between different catalysts have to be made on this basis.Even when the inert material is present,measurement of the total surface area is a matter of great importance.It is normally desirable for the catalyst to have a high surface area,but there is a limit to what can

41、 be achieved merely by making the particle size very small.07 Values of molar mass calculated using the ideal gas law are good only to the extent that the gas behaves as an ideal gas.However,all real gases approach ideal gas behavior at very low pressures,so a common technique for obtaining very acc

42、urate molar masses is to measure the density of a gas at various low pressures,将下题翻译成中文，并思考有关问题：将下题翻译成中文，并思考有关问题：calculate d/p from the data,plot d/p against p,extrapolate the curve to p=0 to find the intercept,and calculate the molar mass,M,using M-(intercept)RT where R=0.0820568 L.atm/(K.mol).Find the molar mass for SO2 from the following data at 0:p in atm 0.1 0.011 0.001 0.0001(d/p)in g/(L.atm)2.864974 2.858800 2.858183 2.858121 Assume that the temperature and pressure values are exact.ThankYou!