族群生态学Populationecology群体群落课件.ppt
- 【下载声明】
1. 本站全部试题类文档,若标题没写含答案,则无答案;标题注明含答案的文档,主观题也可能无答案。请谨慎下单,一旦售出,不予退换。
2. 本站全部PPT文档均不含视频和音频,PPT中出现的音频或视频标识(或文字)仅表示流程,实际无音频或视频文件。请谨慎下单,一旦售出,不予退换。
3. 本页资料《族群生态学Populationecology群体群落课件.ppt》由用户(晟晟文业)主动上传,其收益全归该用户。163文库仅提供信息存储空间,仅对该用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上传内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。 若此文所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知163文库(点击联系客服),我们立即给予删除!
4. 请根据预览情况,自愿下载本文。本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
5. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007及以上版本和PDF阅读器,压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 族群 生态学 Populationecology 群体 群落 课件
- 资源描述:
-
1、Chapter 6Population Growth生態學的分科:生態學的分科:以生物組織水準來分以生物組織水準來分 個體生態學個體生態學AutecologyAutecology 種群(族群)生態學種群(族群)生態學Population ecologyPopulation ecology 群體(群落)生態學群體(群落)生態學SynecologySynecology:community ecologycommunity ecology 生態系統生態學生態系統生態學Ecosystem ecologyEcosystem ecologyOutline Tabulating changes in pop
2、ulation age structure through time Time-specific life tables Age-specific life tablesOutline Fecundity schedules and female fecundity,and estimating future population growth Population growth models Deterministic models Geometric modelsOutline Population growth models(cont.).Logistic models Stochast
3、ic modelsDemography and Population Demography and Population GrowthGrowthDemography Demography 族群統計學、人口統計學族群統計學、人口統計學The quantitative description of a The quantitative description of a populationpopulationPopulation Population 族群族群A group ofA group of conspecifics conspecifics inhabits a inhabits a
4、specific place at a specific time.specific place at a specific time.The demographic and genetic populations.The demographic and genetic populations are not necessarily the same.are not necessarily the same.Demographic distinction and genetic.Demographic distinction and genetic difference are not nec
5、essarily difference are not necessarily corresponding.corresponding.Demography and Population Demography and Population GrowthGrowth.Population characteristicsPopulation characteristics.Quantitative parameters.Quantitative parameters.Population difference:density,age.Population difference:density,ag
6、e distributiondistribution.Population growth and quantitative.Population growth and quantitative methodsmethods.Population determination factors.Population determination factors.Offspring production and energy invest.Offspring production and energy invest.Population genetics variation.Population gen
7、etics variation.Intrapopulation Intrapopulation behavior behaviorPopulation density Population density 族群密族群密度度.abundant abundant 豐富的豐富的.common common 普遍普遍.rare rare 稀有稀有.endangered endangered 瀕危瀕危(絕絕)的的.extinct extinct 絕滅的絕滅的egeg.Zacco pachycephalusZacco pachycephalus 粗首獵粗首獵(溪哥溪哥)endemic to Taiwan,
8、but common in endemic to Taiwan,but common in west coastswest coastsSampling methods:Sampling methods:.Traps Traps 陷阱陷阱.Fecal pellets Fecal pellets 糞便糞便.Vacuolization frequencies Vacuolization frequencies 鳴叫頻度鳴叫頻度.pelt records pelt records 生皮記錄生皮記錄.Catch per unit effort(CPUE)Catch per unit effort(CP
9、UE)單位努力漁獲單位努力漁獲量量.Percentage ground cover Percentage ground cover 遮蔽度遮蔽度.Frequency of abundance along Frequency of abundance along transects or in quadrants of known area.transects or in quadrants of known area.穿越線或四分區豐度。穿越線或四分區豐度。.Feeding damage Feeding damage 食害程度。食害程度。.Roadside spotting in a stan
10、dard Roadside spotting in a standard distance distance 單位長度內視察的記錄。單位長度內視察的記錄。Estimates of absolute Estimates of absolute density-1density-1.Proportion of population marked=Proportion of population marked=(no.of animals marked at t1)/(total(no.of animals marked at t1)/(total no,of animals in populati
11、on)no,of animals in population).Proportion of sample marked=(no.Proportion of sample marked=(no.of marked animals captured at t2)/of marked animals captured at t2)/(total no.of animals captured at t2)(total no.of animals captured at t2)Estimates of absolute Estimates of absolute density-2density-2If
12、 random sampling,If random sampling,Proportion of population marked=Proportion of population marked=proportion of sample markedproportion of sample markedt1t1標示個體標示個體/族群數量族群數量 t2t2再捕獲標示個體數再捕獲標示個體數/t2t2捕獲數捕獲數(已知數)(未知數)(已知數)(未知數)(已知數)(已知數)(已知數)(已知數)Assumptions:Assumptions:1.1.標記不會對於個體有增加死亡率的危險標記不會對於個體
13、有增加死亡率的危險2.2.標記不會影響再捕捉的機率(記憶與學習)標記不會影響再捕捉的機率(記憶與學習)3.3.實驗期間族群內個體沒有移入或移出的問題實驗期間族群內個體沒有移入或移出的問題4.4.實驗期間沒有死亡或新生的變化實驗期間沒有死亡或新生的變化櫻花鉤吻鮭櫻花鉤吻鮭#13Chapt.06Salmon WatchSkin Diving#14Chapt.06Salmon Watch Skin Diving and Salmon Watch Skin Diving and CountingCounting1800180010901090660660113611366066069419416166
14、1695995925325394394327827856556512271227171817183463464084083428342849449478278272872879679618541854788788115511558578576376372495249518701870638638679679679679050010001500200025003000350040001987S1988S1989S1990S1991S1992S1993S1994S1995S1996S1997S1998S1999S2000S2001S2002S普查時間(:春季;:冬季)數量(尾)瑞伯颱風、芭比絲颱風
15、碧莉絲颱風、象神颱風溫泥颱風賀伯颱風枯水期八月大雨六月大雨九月洪水九月乾旱琳恩颱風韋恩颱風桃芝颱風、納莉颱風七家灣溪流域櫻花鉤吻鮭歷年族群變化圖重大天災以紅色圖說紅色圖說標於圖中歷年最高數量3428尾2000秋繁殖季節遭逢象神颱風1994年以來最低族群數量346尾頭前溪毛蟹頭前溪毛蟹DispersionDispersion分散情形分散情形.random distribution:random distribution:闊葉林中的樹闊葉林中的樹.aggregated:aggregated:草地上的韓國薊草地上的韓國薊.hyperdispersedhyperdispersed,regular in
16、,regular in dispersion:dispersion:繁殖區的海鳥繁殖區的海鳥雪山冷杉林Statistical methods:-1Statistical methods:-1.Poisson distributionPoisson distributionPxPx=a=ax xe e-a-a/x!/x!P=Poisson probability P=Poisson probability x=No.of occurrencesx=No.of occurrencesa=The mean number of occurrencesa=The mean number of occur
17、rencese=The base of the natural loge=The base of the natural log蘭嶼熱帶森林Statistical methods:-2Statistical methods:-2方差方差/平均數比率指標平均數比率指標If sIf s2 2/x/x (mean/variance)1 (mean/variance)1 hyperdispersionhyperdispersionIf sIf s2 2/x/x (mean/variance)1 (mean/variance)1;population is increasing Ro 1;populat
18、ion is decreasing Table 6.3 Reproductive Rate Variation in formula for plants Age-specific fecundity(m )is calculated differently Fx=total number of eggs,seeds,or young deposited nx=total number of reproducing individuals mx=Fx/nx Figure 6.5x Reproductive Rate Variation in formula for plants(cont.).
19、Table 6.4 Reproductive Rate Variation in formula for plants(cont.).Figure 6.6Deterministic Models:Geometric Growth Predicting population growth Need to know;Ro Initial population size Population size at time t Population size of females at next generation=Nt+1=RoNtDeterministic Models:Geometric Grow
20、th Population size(cont.).Ro=net reproductive rate Nt=population size of females at this generationDeterministic Models:Geometric Growth Dependency of Ro Ro 1;population increases Even a fraction above one,population will increase rapidlyoDeterministic Models:Geometric Growth Ro 1;population increas
21、es(cont.).Characteristic“J”shaped curve Geometric growth Figure 6.7100200300400500Population in size(N)0Generations30R =1.20 0R =1.15 0R =1.10 0R =1.05 01020N+1=R N t 0 tDeterministic Models:Geometric Growth Ro 1;population increases(cont.).Something(e.g.,resources)will eventually limit growth Popul
22、ation crash Figure 6.8a19101920193019401950Number of reindeer2000150010005000YearDeterministic Models:Geometric Growth Ro 1;population increases(cont.).Figure 6.8bDeterministic Models:Geometric Growth Ro 1;population increases(cont.).Figure 6.8cDeterministic Models:Geometric Growth Human population
23、growth Prior to agriculture and domestication of animals(10,000 B.C.)Average annual rate of growth:0.0001%Deterministic Models:Geometric Growth After the establishment of agriculture 300 million people by 1 A.D.800 million by 1750 Average annual rate of growth:0.1%Deterministic Models:Geometric Grow
24、th Period of rapid population growth Began 1750 From 1750 to 1900 Average annual rate of growth:0.5%From 1900 to 1950 Average annual rate of growth:0.8%From 1950 to 2000 Average annual rate of growth:1.7%Deterministic Models:Geometric Growth Period of rapid population growth Reasons for rapid growth
25、 Advances in medicine Advances in nutrition Trends in growth(Figure 6.9)1830193019601975198719982009202020332046210001234567891011131214Billions of people2-5 millionYears ago7,000BC6,000BC5,000BC4,000BC3,000BC2,000BC1,000BC1AD1,000AD2,000AD3,000ADYear4,000ADDeterministic Models:Geometric Growth Huma
展开阅读全文