protege构建本体教程课件.ppt
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1、A1protege构建本体教程构建本体教程A21.什么是本体(什么是本体(Ontologie)Ontologies are used to capture knowledge about some domain of interest.本体是用来获得你所感兴趣的领域的知识;A32.OWL Ontologies The most recent development in standard ontology languages is OWL from the World Wide Web Consortium(W3C)由w3c从斯坦福大学的本体语言发展而来的。A4 3.OWL Ontologie
2、s的组成的组成OWL Ontologies与基于Protege frame的本体语言在组成上比较相似,但是从专业术语上来描述时他们又有着细微的不同。OWL Ontologies是由个体(Individuals),属性(Properties),类(Classes)组成,大致对应于Protege frame的Instances,Slots,Classes.A5 3.1 Individuals(个体)指的是在域(domain)中我们感兴趣的对象。类中的一个实例。Individuals必须明确的声明彼此之间是否相同。不同的名字可能指的是相同的Individuals。A6 3.2 Properties(
3、属性)指的是Individuals上二元关系,他连接着两个Individuals。如:小三的父亲叫大三。其中,“的父亲叫”就连接着小三和大三两个Individuals。Properties可以存在reverse,如上所示,“的父亲叫”的reverse就是“的儿子叫”。Properties可以被限定成单值,此时Properties是functional的。(后面介绍)Properties也可以是transitive(可传递的)或symmetric(对称的)(后面介绍)A7 3.3 Classes可以看作是包含Individuals的集合。我们使用正式而精准的形式来描述Classes。Classe
4、s通常被组织成supperclasssubclass形式的层状结构,比如,动物和狗。A84 创建本体创建本体myPizza(PizzaBase是Pizza结构之一,中文叫“饼底”,主要由面粉做成,是Pizza的主体,和pizza toppings(比萨饼面)一起构成整个Pizza)A9 4.1 命名一个命名一个Classes(采用单词首字母大写方式,类似于java中类的命名)一个初始化的本体包含一个名字叫做Thing的classes,他表示包含所有individuals的集合,所以,所有的其他classes都是他的subclasses。A104.2 Disjoint(解体)(解体)Classe
5、s 如果任意一个Individuals(或Object)仅仅是众多Classes中某一个的实例(instance),那么这些Classes是Disjoint的。A114.3 Using The OWL Tools To Create Classes【PizzaBase 子类 ThinAndCrispy 和 DeepPan】PizzaTopping子类如下CheeseMozzarellaParmezanMeatHamPepperoniSalamiSpicyBeefSeaFoodAnchovyPrawnTunaVegtableCaperMushroomOliveOnionPepperRedPepp
6、erGreenPepperJalapenoPepperTomatoA124.4 subclass到底是什么意思呢到底是什么意思呢?例如“狗”是“动物”的subclass。那么“狗”的instance也是“动物”的instance,一个东西是狗,那么他一定是动物。(这和java中的子类父类貌似是一样的)A13A144.5.OWL Properties(概述)OWL Properties represent relationships.There are two main types of properties,Object properties and Datatype properties.O
7、bject properties are relationships between two individuals.(先介绍Object properties)如下是Object properties 和 Datatype propertiesA15 Object properties link an individual to an individual.【hasIngredien 子 hasBase hasTopping】我们可以创建Sub properties,它用来限定Supper properties的范围。For example,the property hasFather mi
8、ght specialise(限定范围)the more general property of hasParent.小明有父亲大明,那么我们也可以说小明的双亲有大明。“有父亲”就是“有双亲”的subproperty。A16 4.6 Inverse Properties(逆属性)【isIngredientOf 子 isBaseOf isToppingOf】如该例中:hasBase 和 isBaseOf就是一对Inverse PropertiesFor example:if Matthew hasParent Jean,then the inverse property we can infer
9、 that Jean hasChild Matthew.A174.7 OWL Object Property Characteristics(特征)(特征)OWL允许通过使用property characteristics来增强properties的含义(内涵)。A18(1)Functional Properties If a property is functional,for a given individual,there can be at most one individual that is related to the individual via the property.也就
10、是说,Properties是单值的。例如:hasBirthMother,这个就是functional的,因为一个人他只能有一个生母。A19另外:If we say that the individual Jean hasBirthMother Lily and we also say that the individual Jean hasBirthMother Mary,then because hasBirthMother is a functional property,we can infer that Lily and Mary must be the same individual
11、.但是如果Lily和Mary明确的声明为两个不同的Individuals,那么就会出现矛盾(inconsistency)。A20(2)Inverse Functional Properties 就是Functional Properties 的 inverse 如下:A21(3)Transitive Properties If a property is transitive,and the property relates individual a to individual b,and also individual b to individual c,then we can infer
12、that individual a is related to individual c via property P.如下:注:a)If a property is transitive then its inverse property should also be transitive.(祖先那个例子)b)if a property is transitive then it cannot be functional.A22(4)Symmetric(对称)Properties If a property P is symmetric,and the property relates in
13、dividual a to individual b then individual b is also related to individual a via property P.如下:A23(5)Antisymmetric(反对称)properties If a property P is antisymmetric,and the property relates individual a to individual b then individual b cannot be related to individual a via property P.如下:A24(6)Reflexi
14、ve(自反)properties A property P is said to be reflexive when the property must relate individual a to itself.如下:A25(7)Irreflexive(非自反)properties If a property P is irreflexive,it can be described as a property that relates an individual a to individual b,where individual a and individual b are not the
15、 same.也就是说,这种properties只能连接不同的individuals。如:小明的父亲是大明,那么我们不能说小明的父亲是小明A264.8 Property Domains and Ranges【定义 hasTopping 的 Range PizzaTopping domain Pizza】【定义 isToppingOf 的 Range Pizza domain PizzaTopping】Properties may have a domain and a range specified(指定的).Properties link individuals from the domain
16、 to individuals from the range.例如:in myPizza 本体,the property hasTopping would probably link individuals belonging the the class Pizza to individuals belonging to the class of PizzaTopping.In this case the domain of the hasTopping property is Pizza and the range is PizzaTopping。另外:如果有 a hasTopping b,
17、并且a与b都是individuals,那么我们就可以说a属于class Pizza,b属于class PizzaTopping。通常来说,domain for a property is the range for its inverse,and the range for a property is the domain for its inverseA274.9描述和定义描述和定义Classes 4.9.1 Property RestrictionsOwl的restriction有三种:Quantifier Restrictions Cardinality Restrictions has
18、Value Restrictions.A281.quantifier restrictions(existential restrictions 和 universal restrictions)Existential restrictions :describe classes of individuals that participate in at least one relationship along a specified property to individuals that are members of a specified class.例子:我至少(at least on
19、e)买了一袋饼干从好又多超市。再比如:我做的蛋糕,上面至少覆盖了一层紫色奶酪A29【Pizza 限制 hasBase some PizzaBase】A30universal restrictions :describe classes of individuals that for a given property only have relationships along this property to individuals that are members of a specified class.例子:我买的东西都是从好又多市(或者我买东西只(only)从好又多超市)注:A rest
20、riction describes an anonymous class(an unnamed class).The anonymous class contains all of the individuals that satisfy the restriction。例如:Existential restrictions“上面至少覆盖了一层紫色奶酪。”这句话就描述了一个匿名类,任何上面覆盖至少一层紫色奶酪的individuals都属于该匿名类的,“我做的蛋糕”这个类也属于这个匿名类。所以当我们对一个类进行限制时,在supperclass里定义。A312 定义一些其他的类(一些使用技巧)【P
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