2021高考英语一轮复习专题四第八讲定语从句和名词性从句课件外研版.ppt

1、第八讲 定语从句和名词性从句 一一 定语从句定语从句 高考感悟高考感悟 A 组 单句语法填空 1 2019 北京卷 The students benefiting most from college are those _ are totally engaged (参与) in academic life, taking full advantage of the colleges chances and resources (资源) who 考查定语从句的引导词。先行词为 those，指大学生们，故用 who 引导定语从句， who 在从句中作主语。 2 2019 全国卷 Now Irene

2、 Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, _ she opened with her late husband Les. which 考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是 非限制性定语从句，the pet shop 是先行词，定语从句中缺少 opened 的 宾语，故用 which 引导非限制性定语从句。 32019 全国卷 They were well trained by their masters _ had great experience with caring fo

3、r these animals. who 考查定语从句引导词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句， 修饰指人的先行词 their masters，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词 who。 4 2018 天津卷Kate, _ sister I shared a room with when we were at college，has gone to work in Australia. whose 句意为：凯特去澳大利亚工作了。上大学期间我和她妹妹住同一 房间。本题考查定语从句。先行词为 Kate，将先行词代入定语从句后 为：I shared a room with Kates sister

4、 when we were at college.由此可见， 关系词在定语从句中作定语，先行词指人，故填关系代词 whose。 52018 全国卷 Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. that/which 此处用 that/which 引导定语从句修饰先行词

5、 study。 62018 全国卷The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 when the government started a soil- testing program _ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. that/which 根据语境“. gives specific fertilizer recommendations to

6、 farmers” 修饰 “a soil- testing program”，先行词表示物，关系代词作定语从句 的主语，用 that 或者 which。 7 2018 北京卷She and her family bicycle to work, _ helps them keep fit. which 句意为：她和家人都骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。本 题考查定语从句。根据题干可知，从句修饰的是前面的整句话，“她 和家人骑自行车上班”这件事充当了定语从句中的主语成分，且此定 语从句前出现逗号，是非限制性定语从句，所以用 which 引导。 B 组 单句改错 12019 全国卷短文改错On

7、e afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground. _ wherewhen one afternoon是表示时间的名词， 后面的定语从句应用when引导。 22019 全国卷In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them._ whatthat/which 先行词是 the historical environment，定语从句中缺少

8、主语，故用 that 或 which。what 可以引导名词性从句，但不可以引导定语从句。 32018 全国卷 They also had a small pond which they raised fish._ whichwhere 或 which 前加 in 先行词是表示地点的名词， 后面的定语从句应用 where 或 in which 引导。 考点研析考点研析 考点一 关系代词引导的定语从句 1that, which引导的定语从句 (1)which指物， 在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾 语时可以省略。that指人或物均可， 在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表 语， 作宾语时可以省

9、略。 She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before. 她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。 (2)限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用which的情况： 先行词为不定代词anything, nothing, something, everything, all, some, none, little, few, the one等时。 I refuse to accept the blame for something that was som

10、eone elses fault. 我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。 先行词是形容词最高级或序数词， 或先行词前有形容词最高 级或序数词修饰时。 The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 他们在桂林游览的第一个地方是象鼻山。 先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same, any, every, each, few, little, no, some, all等修饰时。 The only part of the meal that I really l

11、iked was the dessert. 这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。 先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。 They will never forget the things and persons that theyve seen or heard of during their long journey. 他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和 事。 (3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况： 关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。 The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents ver

12、y much. 这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。 当从句中的介词提前， 构成“介词关系代词” 结构时。 We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。 2who, whom和whose引导的定语从句 (1)who或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中作主语或宾语， whom在从句中作宾语； 两者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替 换。 作主语时， who/that不可省略； 作宾语时， whom/who

13、/that可 以省略。 Ive become good friends with Li Hua who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year. 我与在英语演讲比赛中结识的李华成了好朋友。 I have many friends to whom Im going to send post cards. 我有很多朋友，我打算寄给他们贺卡。 (2)whose表所属关系， 既可指人也可指物， 在从句中作定语。 指物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whom。 The school shop, whose custome

14、rs are mainly students，is closed for the holidays. 这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生， 放假时商店关门。 【名师指津】 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词 的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆是想出解决方法的唯一工程师。 Tom is one of the engineers who have come up with the solution. 汤姆是想出解决方法的工程师之一。 3as引导的定语从句

15、 (1)as可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/the same先行 词as.”结构中。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 像在我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。 【名师指津】 which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能 位于主句之后。 2017 全国卷书面表达Therefore, this time I will introduce Tang Poetry to you, which is of great help in learning Chinese. 因此，这次我将向你介绍唐诗，

16、这将有助于你学习汉语。 (2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句， 定语从句说明整个句子， 可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes, as is said above, as is mentioned above, as often happens, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。 She has been absent for the meeting again, as is expected. 她又缺席会议了，这在预料之中。 即学即练(单句语法填空) 1201

17、9 浙江卷A school in Ireland has introduced an interesting new uniform. On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth _ gives off light in the dark. 22020 兰州诊断考试“The four new great inventions are all related to Chinas high- tech innovation, _ improved the quality of peoples lives，” said Wu Hao, e

18、xecutive director of the BRRI. 32019 武汉市4月调研The ancient tradition, _ date is determined by the lunar calendar and falls somewhere between January 21 and February 20 each year, is the longest and most important of all Chinese festivals. that/which which whose 42020 安徽五校联盟检测Dragon Heads- raising Day,

19、_ falls each year on the second day of the second lunar month, is one of the Chinese traditional festivals. 52020 安徽六校联考However, there are millions of other children in the world _ are less fortunate and grow up without a loving childhood. 62020 武汉市武昌区调研Our struggles in life develop our strength, wi

20、thout _ we never get stronger, so its important for us to handle challenges on our own, and not to rely on others for help. which who/that which 考点二 关系副词引导的定语从句 1where引导的定语从句 where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词 in/at/on.which”。 A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for

21、 it back when it begins to rain. 银行是在天晴之时借伞给你，到了下雨时就催你还回去的地方。 【名师指津】 当先行词为situation, case, stage, point, activity, atmosphere等抽象名词， 且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情 况、阶段等时， 常用关系副词where引导。 They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 2when 引导的定语从句 when 表示时间， 在定语从句中作时间状语，

22、相当于“介词 in/at/on/during.which” 结构。 2019 湖南卷单项填空I am looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. 我正期盼着那一天的到来， 那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解 我对她的感情。 3why 引导的定语从句 why 表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词 for which”结构。 Do you know the reason why/for which he didnt attend the meetin

23、g? 你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？ 【名师指津】 (1)选择关系代词或关系副词的原则：在选择关系 词时，最重要的是分析定语从句中所缺的成分。若从句中缺主语、宾 语、定语或表语，必须用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语、宾语、定语 或表语，必须用关系副词。 This is the mountain village that/which I visited last year.(关系词在 从句中作宾语) I will never forget the day when my father returned from America.(关 系词在从句中作状语) (2)当 way 表示方法、方式作先行词，且后

24、面的定语从句缺方式状 语时可以用 that 或 in which 引导，也可以省略关系词。如果后面定语 从句中缺少宾语，要用 that 或 which 引导，也可以省略关系词。 I dont like the way (that/in which) he speaks to his mother. 即学即练(单句语法填空) 12020 青岛质量检测There are many reasons _ college and university students often fail to get a full night of sleep. why 考查定语从句。句意：大学生经常睡不了整夜的觉有

25、许多原因。 本空考查定语从句，后面的从句成分完整且前面的先行词是 reasons， 故填 why。 22018 江苏卷Self- driving is an area _ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. where 句意为：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处于同一条起跑 线上的领域。考查定语从句。设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词 an area。将先行词代入定语从句后为 China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line in

26、 the area.由此可知先行词与表地点的介词 in 一起在定语从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词 where。 32017 浙江卷Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, _ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. where 所填词引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作

27、状语，先行词是表 示地点的 the garden，故填 where。 42016 全国卷But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid- 1980s, _ I was the first Western TV reporter. when 先行词 the mid- 1980s 在定语从句中作时间状语，故应用 when 引 导。 考点三 “介词关系词”引导的定语从句 1介词和关系代词的确定 介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常 用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后

28、，即“介词whose名 词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入 手： (1)先行词的意义； (2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配； (3)句子的意思。 Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted. 皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to献身，致力 于) Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which(whose price) was very reasonable. 最近我买了个古代的花

29、瓶，其价格很合理。 2“of关系代词”引导的定语从句 在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等 代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。 He had a lot of friends, none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble. 他有许多朋友，但当他遇到麻烦时没有人会给他提供帮助。 3“介词关系副词”引导的定语从句 有时“介词where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词 which”引导的

30、定语从句从意思上加以区别。能用于此结构的关系副 词有where和when。 His head soon appeared out of the window, from where he saw nothing but trees. 他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。 (from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window) She graduated from university 20 years ago, since when she has been teaching in this school. 她20岁

31、大学毕业，从那时起她便一直在这所学校教学。(since when相当于since 20 years ago) 即学即练(单句语法填空) 12016 浙江卷Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of _ has been proved. which 句意为：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很 多理论，没有一个得到了证明。先行词是 theories，指物，定语从句用 “代词介词关系代词 which”引导，故答案为 which。 2 2015 重庆卷改编He wrote

32、 many childrens books， nearly half of _were published in the 1990s. which 此题的先行词是 childrens books，指物，因此关系词用 which。此 处是“代词介词which”型的非限制性定语从句。 32016 江苏卷Many young people, most of _ were well- educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. whom 句意为：很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大 部分都受过良好的教育。先行词为 y

33、oung people，指人，将先行词代 入定语从句后为：Most of the young people were well- educated，由此可 见先行词在定语从句中作介词 of 的宾语，故答案为 whom。 二 名词性从句 高考感悟高考感悟 A 组 单句语法填空 12019 全国卷 While they are rare north of 88 ， there is evidence _ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. that 考查同位语从句的引导

34、词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导同位 语从句，解释说明 evidence 的具体内容，从句中不缺少成分且意义完 整，故用 that 引导。 22019 北京卷What students do at college seems to matter much more than _ they go. where 考查宾语从句。在介词 than 后用 where 引导宾语从句，where 在 从句中作状语。此处表示“学生在大学里做什么事似乎远比在哪里上 大学更加重要”。 32019 江苏卷Scientists have obtained more evidence _ plastic is find

35、ing its way into the human body. that 考查同位语从句的引导词。句意：科学家已经获得了更多的证据， 证明塑料正在进入人体。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导同位语从句， 解释说明 evidence 的具体内容，从句中不缺成分，故用 that 引导。 42018 北京卷，11Without his support, we wouldnt be _ we are now. where 句意为：要是没有他的帮助，我们就不会是现在的情形了。本题 考查表语从句。根据句意可知，设空处意为“情形，情况，形势”， 应用 where 引导。 5 2018 北京卷， 15This i

36、s _ my father has taught me to always face difficulties and hope for the best. what 句意为：这就是父亲教给我的永远面对困难并寄予最大的希 望。本题考查表语从句。根据句意可知，表语从句中 taught me 后缺少 直接宾语“教会了我什么”，因此用 what 引导。 62017 天津卷She asked me _ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadnt. if/whether 所填词引导宾语从句，在从句中不作成分，但

37、表示“是否”意义， 故用 if 或 whether。 7 2016 天津卷The manager put forward a suggestion _ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do. that suggestion 后是同位语从句，从句的结构和意义均完整，故用 that 引导。 B 组 单句改错 1 2016四 川 卷 The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorite._ whatthat/which 或去掉 what 先行词 dishes 在定语从句中作宾语，故应用 th

38、at 或 which 引导， 也可省略关系代词。 2 2016 全国卷My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live._ thatwhere to 后为宾语从句，引导词在从句中需作地点状语，表示“靠近我 居住的地方”。故 thatwhere。 32016 全国卷My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday._ howwhat 从句中的do是及物动词， 故应用连接代词what 作动词do的宾语。 考点研析考点研析 考点一 主语从句 1引导主

39、语从句的词有：连接词that, whether；连接代词what, who, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever等；连接副词when, where, why, how。 When the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather. 延迟的班机何时起飞在很大程度上取决于天气。 That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial similarity between them. 从她们的面貌相似度就能清楚地看出是亲姐妹。 Wha

40、t struck me most in the movie was the fathers deep love for his son. 影片中最打动我的是父亲对儿子深厚的爱。 【易混辨析】 whether与if引导主语从句的区别： 主语从句位于主句谓语动词前，表示“是否”，只能用whether 而不能用if引导；若用it作形式主语，则if与whether可互换。 Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water

41、 pollution. 我们能否有干净的饮用水依赖于政府将采取什么样的有效措施处 理水污染问题。 It remains to be seen whether or not this idea can be put into practice. 这一想法能否付诸实施还有待观察。 2it作形式主语的主语从句 (1)it作形式主语，从属连词that引导的从句作真正的主语。 Itbe形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable等)that从句。 It

42、 isnt likely that I should accept such an offer as that. 我不可能接受像那样的帮助。 Itbe名词词组(no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise等)that从句。 Its no wonder that he didnt want to go. 难怪他不想去。 Itbe过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged等)that从句。 It is decided that the mee

43、ting has been put off till next Monday. 会议被推迟到下周一召开已经定下来了。 It动词/动词短语(seem, appear, happen, matter, turn out, occur to, make no difference等)that从句。 It suddenly occurred to her that Joe was afraid of being alone. 她突然想到乔害怕独自一个人呆着。 (2)it作形式主语，连接代词、连接副词或whether/if引导的主语从 句作真正的主语。 It is uncertain what side

44、 effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. 尽管大约两千名患者已经服用了这种药，但是它会带来什么样的 副作用还不清楚。 It is not immediately clear whether/if the financial crisis will soon be over. 经济危机是否会很快结束，短时间内不会很明显。 即学即练(单句语法填空) 12020 江西名校学术联盟质检_ was most difficult was that in order t

45、o realize this dream, I needed to find an existent caf that wasnt doing well. What 句意：最困难的是为了实现这个梦想，我需要找到一家经营不好 的实体咖啡店。“_ was most difficult”为主语从句，该从句缺 少主语且设空处表示“事物”，故填 What。 22020 福州四校联考I went to a classical music concert yesterday and I loved it. _ I particularly experienced in a different way is

46、how much I appreciated the musicians. What 考查连接词。作者经历的特别的事情就是作者非常感激那些音乐 家。空处引导主语从句，且在从句中作宾语，故填 What。 32020 昆明质量检测Kenney said, “_ is good news that this public health problem has a simple solution.” It 考查名词性从句。分析该句结构可知，该句为包含 that 引导的主 语从句的主从复合句，It 作形式主语，真正的主语是 that 引导的主语 从句。 4 2020 福建龙岩五校期中Therefore,

47、 it is advisable _ you should value and treat them with care. that 句意为：因此人们建议你应该珍惜、谨慎对待它们。“_ you should value and treat them with care”为主语从句，该从句不缺任 何成分，故用 that 引导。 52020 山东师大附中一模His favorite food is fried snacks and soft drinks.It is no surprise _ losing weight is just his dream. that 句意为：他最喜欢的食物是油炸类小吃和软饮料。减肥只是他的 梦想一点都不令人吃惊。It 是形式主语，真正的主语是 that 引导的主 语从句。从句中结构及句意完整，故用 that 引导。 考点二 表语从句 1引导表语从句的词有：连接词that, whether；连接代词what, who, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever等；连接副词when, where, why, how；从句用陈述语序。 Id like to start my own business that