托福独立写作篇章结构课件.ppt

1、Integrated Writing综合写作(33%)Independent Writing独立写作(67%)时间：30min字数：至少300字，越多越好体裁：议论文指法准备工具：QQ等聊天软件一个有点破旧，可能有灰尘，个别按键可能不太灵光的USB键盘1.支持或反对agree or disagreeDo you agree or disagree with the following statement?All students should be required to study art and music in secondary school.Use specific reasons

2、to support your answer.2.观点对比some hold a view that.,others prefer.Some people like to cook their own meals at home.Others prefer to eat in a restaurant or a cafeteria.Which do you prefer and why?Include details and examples in your explanation.3.问题分析what.,why.,how.What is your idea of the perfect va

3、cation?Describe it and explain why it would be the ideal vacation for you.Include details and examples in your explanation.4.介绍说明A foreign visitor has only one day to spend in your country.Where should this visitor go on that day?Why?Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.Score 5:Ef

4、fectively addresses the topic and task Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplifications,and/or details Displays unity,progression,and coherence Displays consistent facility in the use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety,appropriate word choice,and

5、idiomaticity,though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors1.减少语法错误2.观点鲜明，结构清晰连贯，前后呼应3.句式结构多样，用词准确精当1.Today,people around the world became more and more concerned about their health(today和were became时态不搭)I am having to emphasize the importance of doing exercise in the morningWhen Jack was fi

6、ve years old,he has managed to recite more than 300 Chinese classic poems注意动词的时态2.Work at home can bring us a lot of benefits(Work改成working，动名词做主语)Many students are like studying AP history(are和like只能保留一个)The Internet can instead of teachers in many classroomsGirls had better be bring up in a rich e

7、nvironment(be brought up表被动)动词要正确的使用3.Intelligent students should not be treated different by their teachers(differently,副词修饰动词)4.The problems that are created by environmental pollution is very hard to resolve(is改成are,主谓一致)5.Farmer can get more benefits from the new fertilizer.(farmer改成farmers)英文当中

8、任何一个可数名词，必须在前面加上限定词，比如the,a,my,your等，否则该可数名词就必须用复数1.多用书面词汇，少用口语词汇。I think2.少用或者不用略缩语。Its=It is Ill=I will3.不用俗语、俚语pass away/kick the bucketPersonal Personal opinion/view/choiceopinion/view/choiceReason 1Reason 1Reason 2Reason 2Reason 3Reason 3ConclusionConclusion1.观点鲜明a.开头段要有直接，明确的观点Personally speak

9、ing,I believe.I totally agree with the view that.In my opinion,I prefer the idea.Its better for children to grow up in the countryside than in the city.Do you agree or disagree?b.每个发展段的第一句都是分论点(理由/原因)，简单粗暴地提出分论点Cities can definitely provide a better health condition,which is quite important to the c

10、hildrens growth.Children from cities also have a higher chance of getting into excellent universities2.句式结构多样：定语从句，名词性从句，非谓语动词，反问句，强调句，动名词/不定式做主语，状语从句，并列结构(排比)用词准确精当a.用词要多样b.用词要准确3.结构清晰连贯a.基本结构一万年不变b.1,2,3;发展段段首用First,Second,Third或者是the first reason is.c.使用必要的连接词，体现逻辑和层次比如:therefore,however,furtherm

11、ore,naturally,also,because等 d.注意观点的比较和对比无论是同意还是不同意一个观点，不要完全就围绕这一方面来说。独立写作的开头，有且只有一个目的：亮出你的观点。其它神马的都是浮云。开头可以有模版。独立写作的开头一般包括两个部分1.复述原题(告诉别人这篇文章说的是什么)2.发表你自己的观点(告诉别人你准备写什么)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Patience is usually not a good strategy.We should take action now rather than

12、 later.Growing up,we learn that patience is a virtue,believing that good eventually comes to those who wait.However,society values instant and automatic.Fortune favors the bold,the decisive,and the risk-takers.So is patience still a valuable quality that we should learn and cherish?Absolutely.Patien

13、ce can still serve us in our personal lives,the business sector,and the sports world.It is the reason in the midst of chaos.Growing up,we learn that patience is a virtue,believing that good eventually comes to those who wait.However,society values instant and automatic.Fortune favors the bold,the de

14、cisive,and the risk-takers.(题目正反两方面观点的阐述)So is patience still a valuable quality that we should learn and cherish?(用疑问句形式准备引出论点)Absolutely.(简单粗暴的选择观点)Patience can still serve us in our personal lives,the business sector,and the sports world.(确认自己的观点，并进行解释，与下文要阐述的内容进行呼应)1.观点要鲜明比如absolutely 简单粗暴，赤裸裸的告

15、诉人家，这就是你的观点2.第一段别写的太长了。(第一段写的再长也不是重点,浪费脑细胞)3.个人推荐：观点后面加个becausebecause patience can benefit us in many aspectsbecause parents possess many advantages over teachers in childrens educationbecause it will bring us a lot of help.1.简单粗暴型There is a principal reason for agreeing with the statement that par

16、ents make the best teachers and it is the fact that children are closer to parents than to any other people2.忆苦思甜型家长和老师是否有权决定孩子的未来During the Industrial Revolution,in many European countries children worked up to 19 hours a day in dingy factories at a very early age and the factory owners could beat

17、those who fell asleep at work or didnt work fast enough.But now even parents or teachers are not completely free to do things as they please to the kids because they are entitled to protection and far more rights 3.先礼后兵型Some claim that universities should allocate as much money as much money to spor

18、ts facilities as to the libraries because sports can help students keep fit and cope with heavy workload.But in fact,as academic institutions,universities do have the obligation to give higher priority to the funding of libraries than to that of athletic facilities.义愤填膺型明星是否应该获得高收入Without the sweat,

19、blood and hard work of artisans,laborers,farmers,builders,technicians,domestic workers and all others who work with their hands,our country would come to a standstill.Its time for us to reexamine the gap between their meager wages and the astronomical incomes of superstars.Should they be treated so

20、differently?1.一般疑问句开头：题目：关于科技Does science enable us to change the world for the better?Definitely yes or no.Look at the world around us,science has tremendously changed the way of our life and brought us numerous convenience 2.特殊疑问句开头特殊疑问词：what,when,why,where,howWhat does science bring to us?Why are

21、 so many people fascinated with Apples products?This has become a frequently asked question in the modern society.Science indeed.,but on the other hand.As for me/Personally speaking.3.连续提问法What on earth does science bring to us?Does science enable us to change the world for the better?(注意两者之间的递进关系)提

22、问式的开头的回答Every coin has two sidesEvery sword has two edgesThere is no garden without weedsAttitudes towards.are varied.is known when it is lostPersonal Personal opinion/view/choiceopinion/view/choiceReason 1Reason 1Reason 2Reason 2Reason 3Reason 3ConclusionConclusion主题框架1.1+1模式(或1+1+1)(传说中的一边倒)支持面的理由

23、两点充分论述，写出来是四段，开头段、结尾段加中间两段，中间两段进行详细论述。作文题目：选择低工资没经验的员工还是高工资有经验的员工？没有经验的人的好处：1）工资低节省开支 2）可塑性比较强 3）管理起来比较容易 4）创造力比较旺盛 5）干起来有激情 6）对公司有很强的情感注意：1+1模式中，一定要给足够的细节Paragraph 1:Its not uncommon today that elite sporting stars earn top salaries while professionals in many other important fields such as medical

24、 care and laboratory research make much less.Clearly,these distinguished athletes and first-rate players are not overpaidParagraph 2:Even though its likely the world population will top seven billion in two years,those who are truly athletically talented will remain very rare.Preeminent sports peopl

25、e such as LeBron James and Tiger Woods are so uniquely gifted that we ordinary individuals can never be trained to reach comparable levels.Thus,they are supposed to be highly paid due to the rarity of their talent.Paragraph 3:Aside from genetics,it takes extremely hard work for sports people to make

26、 it to the top of their professions,regardless of their age or gender.To improve performance,dedicated athletes have been in constant training,mostly from their childhood onward,and can only enjoy a minimal amount of leisure time.Besides,they frequently have to put their bodies at risk and,even more

27、 frequently,cope with recurring psychological strain as a consequence of unusually stiff competition.Still,these incredible people simply dont waver from their goals.In short,I would argue all their commitments and sacrifices deserve abundant rewards,of which substantial sums of money may be just a

28、token.Paragraph 4Most importantly,sports celebrities salaries are set by the market.Sports have always been one of Americas favorite pastimes and we have to face the fact that now professional sports are a major source of entertainment and inspirations for Americans.Big names like Peyton Manning mak

29、e fortunes by getting their fair share of the profits that come from ticket money,merchandise sales and endorsementsParagraph 4I really dont see anything wrong with the top sports performers getting recognized and paid dearly as top entertainers and,often very effective motivational speakers.Paragra

30、ph 5Therefore,the unique talent,extraordinary willpower and immense marketing appeal that sports stars exhibit are all compelling justifications for the size of financial compensation they receive.2.2+1模式1)支持面的优点两点充分论述+反对面的缺点一到两点进行简略论述。题目举例：自己选室友还是学校决定？假定支持自己选：1.可以选兴趣相同的，如喜欢打dota,有共同语言2.可以选习惯同的，比如爱睡

31、觉的,容易成为朋友3.学校决定的不了解情况，会有冲突，需要时间沟通观点3是个反对的观点，而且也是个次要的观点注意：1)观点3的段首用however之类的词，表达观点的转折；2)观点3的段落不需要很长，4，5句话就足够了比如观点3可以这样写However,the school may not be quite familiar with all the students,including their characters and habits.If roommates were arranged at random,there would be quite a number of mismat

32、ches,thereby bringing inconvenience and conflicts among students.2)2+1模式支持面的理由两点充分论述+支持面的另一个理由简略论述（两详一略）题目举例：快速决定永远是错的？假如选择观点：快速决定并不永远都是错的1.有些决定不用长时间考虑 2.有些决定可以凭经验作出3.有些时候必须快速决定观点3明显是个别，少数情况的讨论注意：1)观点3的段首推荐用furthermore,besides,moreover之类表递进的词2)观点3不用写太多，4，5句即可Do you agree or disagree with the followi

33、ng statement?In order to succeed in doing a new job,the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment is more important than the excellent knowledge of this job.Paragraph 1:Employees must be able to meet the rapidly changing priorities of the companies they work for.Employers are hiring fewer peop

34、le to do the same amount of work.Workers rotate among jobs within the company and take on additional projects.Paragraph 1:Multi-tasking,working flexible hours and changing locations are common workplace demands.Employees cannot afford to cling to tasks specific to their area of expertise,no matter h

35、ow essential.It diminishes their value when compared with similarly skilled,but more adaptable workers.Paragraph 2Todays workers must be capable of working independently to accomplish goals assigned to them.Employers are focused on outcomes.They dont have the time or the desire to micromanage employ

36、ees.They expect their employees to solve problems,to self-direct,and to accomplish tasks autonomously.Having specialized knowledge makes employees valuable only if they can innovatively apply it in original ways that benefit the company.Paragraph 3Employers hire people who are likable and can work w

37、ithin a group.Collaboration is essential to increased productivity.Those who are open to new ideas work well on project teams or on committees.Their adaptability fosters creativity.3.2-11)支持面优点两点充分论述+反对面优点一到两点简略论述题目举例：现场观看表演比看电视更好？假定我们选择支持看电视1.电视更清楚：有讲解，有不同角度摄影，有精彩回放2.看电视费用更低，更安全，更放松3.虽然现场气氛好，可能见到明星

38、，可能有偶遇2)2-1模式讨论点的优点两点充分论述+讨论点的缺点一到两点简略论述题目举例：电视是否破坏了我们和朋友以及家人的交流？假定我们选择电视没有破坏我们和家人的交流1.看电视提供交流时间和场地2.看电视提供交流素材但是,花费大量时间，影响交流主题句通常位于段落的句首，对于整个段落起着总领的作用。主题句是证明论点的理由。主题句要简明扼要，直接明确，而且是陈述句Although science and technology will continue to improve,the most significant improvement for the quality of peoples

39、lives have already taken place.1.New breakthroughs in medical science will allow humans to finally eradicate diseases that have claimed hundreds of thousands of lives every year in the past decades.2.New breakthroughs in medical science will become wonderfully helpful in the near future.1.例证法用举例来说明问

40、题，形象生动2.因果法通过因果关系和练习来表达观点，一环套一环，严丝合缝3.比较对比法通过正反两方面的观点的对比和类比，来阐述观点，解决问题1.例证法提出论点-列举例证-分析例证（给出细节）-得出结论（重述论点）每个论点都要有理由 thesis,topic sentences每个理由都要有例子 topic sentence,examples每个例子都要有细节 examples,what?例子是什么？例子是奥巴马，金正恩，乔布斯，Lady Gaga例子是哈利波特，杰克和露丝，金莲和西门大官人例子是楼上的赵大妈，隔壁的李小二，街上卖包子的七舅老爷但这都不是最关键的最关键是的，例子不一定是谁谁谁谁说

41、了什么，但一定是做了什么I have a very confident friend.confident不是自信confident是句废话He had given a speech on astronomy in front of 500 people.His knees didnt tremble.He didnt feel nausea.There was always a big and brilliant smile on his face.At the end of the speech,he bowed deeply to embrace the deafening applaus

42、e from audience.例子，是具体做了什么，而不是你的判断和评判I have a friend.His English is very good.He went to America and began to study in a famous universityI have a friend named Jason.Last autumn,he took the SAT exam in HK and won a high score of 2350.Therefore,he was matriculated by MIT this spring and has been in t

43、he USA for almost a month.个人例子，有名有姓，有时间有地方，有事件The development of science and technology does bring much convenience to our daily life.One of the best examples is the microwave oven,which has been widely used in families.Using a microwave oven for cooking can not only heat up the food faster,but also

44、 provide a smoke-free cooking environment.People are able to make use of the extra time saved from cooking to do many other things.Smoke created when cooking in traditional ways is always a threat to peoples health,while a microwave oven will solve the problem easily by using an environmentally frie

45、ndly power,that is,radiation power.What is more,a microwave oven has a time controller,which will help people decide the cooking time,and it can ensure safety and provide an easy cooking.Without any doubt,the microwave oven,as a typical example of modern science and technology,has indeed improved ou

46、r lives greatly.举例法例子展开的模式(1)1.我认为.因为我觉得.(提出观点)2.比如说.(列举例子)3.好处1.4.分析好处15.好处2.6.分析好处27.总结I have to emphasize the importance of saving money.A plenty of money in the bank account can help us get through sudden emergencies and occasional accidents.I have a friend named Victor.His family is not rich bu

47、t they keep a good habit of depositing a certain amount of money into their bank account each month.He sometimes complained to me about this situation because it disables him to spend money buying something he desires.But last month,while he was riding to school in the rush hour,he was involved a ho

48、rrible accident.He was terribly injured and a large amount of money was immediately required to get him an operation.Most of their familys deposit was put into use and fortunately,he got through this nightmare.Now when we talk about this,he says he feels so blessed and grateful that their family kee

49、ps this habit and he will do everything he can to support it.This incident strikes me tremendously and makes me realize how significant deposits are to us ordinary people.The first reason I want to put forward is that playing games,as one of the most wonderful ways to relax,can definitely help adult

50、s release their pressure.My uncle Victor works in a highly competitive computer company,so he has to work really hard to get all his work done and to meet the demand of the company.The high pressure resulting from the heavy workload has almost broken him down since he has found no way to release it.