最新版外国新闻史课件第9讲-20世纪前期的无线电广播业.ppt

1、外国新闻传播史外国新闻传播史n1.视觉传播视觉传播n2.记录和传送声音记录和传送声音Camera Obscura 暗箱摄影机nThe Camera Obscura,first camera,with a pin hole for viewing scenes was invented in 1519.nScenes were drawn with pen and ink on interior walls of the camera or room.nFirst drawing of Camera Obscura was made by Leonardo da Vinci.Color plat

2、esnThe first American color plate book,William Birchs The City of Philadelphia in the Year 1800,was printed from engraved copper plates,which were then colored by hand.First PhotographnFirst photograph was produced in 1826 by John Niepce.尼埃普斯尼埃普斯 Photograph required eight hours of exposure.nFirst ph

3、otograph used silver halide salts on a metal sheet instead of film.First known photograph made by Joseph Niepce.Photo of from an apartment building windowPhotos on GlassnLouis Daguerre 达盖尔达盖尔produced procedure for printing photos on glass in 1837.These were called Daugerrotypes and were used through

4、out the 1800s.1882Typewritern1873 Remington 雷明顿雷明顿produces the first commercially viable typewriter.nUsed a foot treadle carriage return system.TelegraphSamuel F.B.Morse-the telegraph(1844)莫尔斯莫尔斯“上帝究竟干了些什么！上帝究竟干了些什么！”TelephonenAlexander Graham Bell贝尔贝尔invented the telephone in 1876.nBy 1878 a commer

5、cial version was available for use.Gramophone 留声机n1887 Gramophone invented.nFirst recording system used wax disks.Tape Recordern1889-Danish inventor Valdemar Poulsen re-discovers the principle of magnetic recording.Over the course of the next few years he produces practical sound recorders for steel

6、 wire and tape.Camera for EveryonenKodak Brownie Camera-1900nCamera came with film,ready for use at a price that anyone could afford.Comic Bookn1904 First comic book is publishedFilmnKinetoscopenPeepshow viewernfilm was in a continuous loopnrun over rollers nKinetographncamera npatented 1891nBlack M

7、arianfirst film studiontarpaper shednthe roof opened to sky to provide enough light for photography nthe building turned on tracks to face the sun Nickelodeon nEdisons interest was selling Kinetoscope machines nAttraction added to the penny arcade nA nickel extra to view the Kinetoscopes in the rear

8、 of the penny arcadenhence the name Nickelodeon nBy 1900 there were 600 Nickelodeons in New YorkMotion picture projectorsnIn 1918 the Acme 35mm motion picture projector was first mass produced for use in schools.n无线电技术，把外部世界送进了家庭。无线电技术，把外部世界送进了家庭。The Early Days(1800s)n1887,Heinrich Hertz 赫兹赫兹 discov

9、ered the effects of electrical sparks are based on wavesn1888,Hertz was first to transmit and receive radio wavesn1895,Guglielmo Marconi 马可尼马可尼transmitted a radio signal 1.2 miles Concise History of Broadcasting Guglielmo Marconi-the wireless telegraph(1896)The early years cont.n1898,Marconi founded

10、 the first commercial radio service on Rathlin Island near IrelandnJune 3,1898 the first telegram was bought and sent using needlesnJuly 20,1898 a ship at sea relayed sailing competition results to a newspaperThe 1900sn1900,Reginald Fessenden 费森登费森登 used an alternator to not only transmit voices,but

11、 music as wellnDecember 12,1902 radio waves can“bend”with the earthnTransmission from Poldhu,Cornwall England to St,Johns New FoundlandConcise History of Broadcasting Reginald Fessenden wireless telephone Brant Rock,Mass.(1906)Concise History of Broadcasting Dr.Lee DeForest called himself the“father

12、 of radio.”In 1910 he staged a live musical broadcast with Italian tenor Enrico Caruso.The 1900s cont.n1912,the Titanic distress call heard 58 miles awayn1913,Edwin Armstrong 阿姆斯壮阿姆斯壮 patents vacuum as an oscillatorn1920,KDKA pops up on a rooftop in Pittsburgh,PAn1922,“New York Sunday Call”put an an

13、tenna on a carnSpanned from front bumper to back 技术的分割：技术的分割：nGE与发射机与发射机nAT&T与三极管与三极管n一次大战与军方的介入一次大战与军方的介入The War Years-Navy control(1917-1919)Licensed broadcasting begins-KDKA Pittsburgh(1920)n电器商推销产品电器商推销产品 威斯汀豪斯威斯汀豪斯n出售时间出售时间 First commercial airs-WEAF New York(1922)The 1900s cont.n1924,the A.M.b

14、and was establishedn1932 first radios sold over the counter for cars3。广播网的建立。广播网的建立NBC formed(1926)as a division of RCA.RCAs chairman was David Sarnoff.NBC had the Red and Blue Networks.Concise History of BroadcastingColumbia Broadcasting System formed(1927)by William Paleyn1934,FCC established thro

15、ugh the“Communications Act”n1941,The FCC allows the transmission on F.M.wavesOrigins of Broadcast Regulation Radio was a hobbyists toy But also a matter of life and deathWireless Ship Act of 1910Radio Act of 1912Industry itself demands more regulationRadio Act of 1927 Gives federal government right

16、to license Establishes“public trustee”model Created Federal Radio Commission Replaced by Federal Communication Act of 1934nCreated Federal Communication CommissionnFCC instructed to regulate broadcasting in the“public interest,convenience and necessity.”Rationales for giving broadcasting less First

17、Amendment Protection1.Broadcasters are public trustees of the airwaves,which are owned by the public.2.Scarcity.The electromagnetic spectrum is a scarce natural resource,and the public needs to hear diverse voices.3.Media differences.This includes TVs pervasiveness,powerful effects,young audiences a

18、nd captive audiences.Levels of First Amendment ProtectionPrint Media/InternetCable/satelliteBroadcastMostLeastn报纸广播战报纸广播战 Radios Golden Era(late 1920s to late 1940s)Concise History of Broadcasting Jack Benny Bob HopeConcise History of Broadcasting Edward R.Murrow Orson Welles “War of the Worlds”Conc

19、ise History of Broadcasting Spinning the Vinyl Recordedmusic anddeejayssaved theday forradioThe Invasion from Mars:Radio Panics American660万，听众万，听众n170万，相信万，相信n120万，恐慌万，恐慌War of the Worlds broadcastOctober 30,1938nEstimated 27(of 32)million families with radiosnMajor source of entertainment and news

20、n“on the spot”news reportingnHistorical settingnfollowed the Great Depressionnthreat of war in EuropeH.G.WellsnBorn in Kent,England.nThe father of Science Fiction writingnBest known books arenTHE TIME MACHINE(1895)nTHE INVISIBLE MAN(1897)n THE WAR OF THE WORLDS(1898)nWrote over a hundred books,about

21、 fifty of them novels.Orsen WellesnOne of classic Hollywoods most acclaimed actors and directors.nWas once nominated for Academy Awards in four separate categories for his contribution to one film(Citizen Kane).nBest Actor,Best Director,Best Original Screenplay&Best PictureHistory ofMercury Theater

22、on the AirnFounded by Orson Welles(21 yrs.old)and John Houseman nOriginally a theater troop The Mercury Theater,which formed in August 1937 and had their first production(Julius Caesar)in November 1937nStarted off with monetary assets of$100.(about$1,150 in todays money)nRadio version started July 1

23、938nFinest radio drama of the 1930sHistory ofMercury Theater on the AirnBroadcast on CBS radio,initially without a sponsornIn December 1938 Campbells Soup became sponsor-Renamed The Campbell Playhouse (ran through March 1940)nProgram was a bit different than the usual run-of-the-mill radio programs

24、at the time.nInnovative use of sound-effects,music and the gripping voice of Mr.Welles made MT one of the most compelling programs on the air.History ofMercury Theater on the AirnStarted as 9-week summer series,then in Sept.1938 renewed for 13 more weeks.nSome shows before airing of War of the World

25、snDracula nTreasure Island nA Tale of Two CitiesnAbraham LincolnnThe Count of Monte CristonJulius CaesarnThe Immortal Sherlock HolmesnHell on IcenAround the World in 80 DaysWhy did this broadcast make people panic?nPeople tuned in late,missed warningnRealistic format and“dramatic excellence”nRadio a

26、ccepted as medium for important informationnCredibility of actors;use of“experts”nUse of real places in New Jersey/New YorknFailure to use successful internal/external checksThe 1900s cont.n1945 The FCC sets up the current form of F.M.radion1963,Emergency Broadcast system creatednJuly 23,1982 KDKA b

27、ecomes the first to broadcast in A.M.stereoThe 1900s cont.n1997,the Emergency Alert system takes overn2001,XM satellite radio is available to the publicn英、法、俄、德、意、日英、法、俄、德、意、日nBBC,1922n法国广播公司，法国广播公司，1945n德广联，德广联，1950n意大利广播公司，意大利广播公司，1924nNHK,1925nBBC,1932nVOA,1942n莫斯科广播电台，莫斯科广播电台，1929n为什么美国的广播业形成商业化体制？为什么美国的广播业形成商业化体制？而西欧广播业形成国营或公营体制？而西欧广播业形成国营或公营体制？