Chapter-4-Network-Layer-addtition-高级计算机网络-教学课件(英文版.ppt
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- Chapter Network Layer addtition 高级 计算机网络 教学 课件 英文
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1、addtitionr1,route tabledestination,mask,interface,gatewayinterface and gateway are in the same subnet.192.168.123.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.123.88 192.168.123.88 rroute print;netstat-rQuestion:how to configure pc1 and pc2 so that they can communicate?rRouterAint e0/0rRouterA-Ethernet0/0ip addr 10.1.1.
2、1 24rRouterA-Ethernet0/0int s0rRouterA-Serial0/0ip addr 20.1.1.2 30rRouterBint e0rRouterB-Ethernet0ip addr 30.1.1.1 24rRouterB-Ethernet0int s0rRouterB-Serial0ip addr 20.1.1.1 30rConfigure static routemRouterAip route-static 30.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 20.1.1.1mRouterBip route-static 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.
3、0 20.1.1.2rRouter bdis ip routing-tableDestination/Mask Protocol Pre Cost Nexthop Interfacer10.1.1.0/24 STATIC 60 0 20.1.1.2 Serial0/0r20.1.1.0/30 DIRECT 0 0 20.1.1.1 Serial0/0r20.1.1.1/32 DIRECT 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0r20.1.1.2/32 DIRECT 0 0 20.1.1.2 Serial0/0r30.1.1.0/24 DIRECT 0 0 30.1.1.1 Ethe
4、rnet0/0r30.1.1.1/32 DIRECT 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0r127.0.0.0/8 DIRECT 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0r127.0.0.1/32 DIRECT 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0128.30.33.10destinationsubmaskNext hop128.30.33.0128.30.33.128128.30.36.0255.255.255.128255.255.255.128255.255.255.0inter 0Inter 1R2128.30.33.13H1subnet1:net
5、 address 128.30.33.0 mask 255.255.255.128128.30.33.130R1 route tableR11R2Subnet 2:net 128.30.33.128 mask 255.255.255.128H2128.30.33.13801128.30.33.129H3128.30.36.2Subnet 3:net 128.30.36.0 mask 255.255.255.0128.30.36.122,How to route a datagram?128.30.33.10destinationsubmaskNext hop128.30.33.0128.30.
6、33.128128.30.36.0255.255.255.128255.255.255.128255.255.255.0inter 0Inter 1R2128.30.33.13H1 subnet1:net 128.30.33.0 mask 255.255.255.128128.30.33.130R11R2Subnet 2:net 128.30.33.128 mask 255.255.255.128H2128.30.33.13801128.30.33.129H3128.30.36.2子网3:网络地址 128.30.36.0 子网掩码 255.255.255.0128.30.36.12Dest i
7、p:128.30.33.138请注意:H1 并不知道 H2 连接在哪一个网络上。H1 仅仅知道 H2 的 IP 地址是128.30.33.138First:direct delivery?Else:deliver to R1.128.30.33.10目的网络地址子网掩码下一跳128.30.33.0128.30.33.128128.30.36.0255.255.255.128255.255.255.128255.255.255.0接口 0接口 1R2R1 的路由表(未给出默认路由器)H1子网1:网络地址 128.30.33.0 子网掩码 255.255.255.128128.30.33.130R
8、11R2子网2:网络地址 128.30.33.128 子网掩码 255.255.255.128H2128.30.33.13128.30.33.13801128.30.33.129H3128.30.36.2子网3:网络地址 128.30.36.0 子网掩码 255.255.255.0128.30.36.12255.255.255.128 and 128.30.33.138128 10000000138 10001010 :10000000 128255.255.255.128128.30.33.138128.30.33.128 H1 network address128.30.33.10dest
9、masknext128.30.33.0128.30.33.128128.30.36.0255.255.255.128255.255.255.128255.255.255.0inter 0inter 1R2128.30.33.13H1128.30.33.130R11R2H2128.30.33.13801128.30.33.129H3128.30.36.2Subnet 3:net 128.30.36.0 mask 255.255.255.0128.30.36.12 subnet1:net 128.30.33.0 mask 255.255.255.128Subnet 2:net 128.30.33.
10、128 mask 255.255.255.128128.30.33.10destmasknext128.30.33.0128.30.33.128128.30.36.0255.255.255.128255.255.255.128255.255.255.0接口 0接口 1R2128.30.33.13H11:128.30.33.0255.255.255.128128.30.33.130R11R22:128.30.33.128 255.255.255.128H2128.30.33.13801128.30.33.129H3128.30.36.2子网3:网络地址 128.30.36.0 子网掩码 255.
11、255.255.0128.30.36.12255.255.255.128 and 128.30.33.138=128.30.33.128Not match!:128.30.33.138not128.30.33.10destmasknext128.30.33.0128.30.33.128128.30.36.0255.255.255.128255.255.255.128255.255.255.0接口 0接口 1R2128.30.33.13H1128.30.33.130R11R22:128.30.33.128 255.255.255.128H2128.30.33.13801128.30.33.129
12、H3128.30.36.2子网3:网络地址 128.30.36.0 子网掩码 255.255.255.0128.30.36.12255.255.255.128 and 128.30.33.138=128.30.33.128yes!dest IP:128.30.33.138yes!subnet1:net 128.30.33.0 mask 255.255.255.128Static configurationQuidway undo ip route-static ip-address mask|masklen interface-type interface-name|nexthop-addre
13、ss preference value Quidway ip route-static 129.1.0.0 16 10.0.0.2 Quidway ip route-static 129.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.0.0.2 Quidway ip route-static 129.1.0.0 16 Serial 2129.1.0.0/16E0Quidway BS010.0.0.2Quidway A10.0.0.1S0在路由器 Quidway A上配置:ip route-static 129.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.0.0.2 ip route-static 1
14、29.1.0.0 16 10.0.0.2 ip route-static 129.1.0.0 16 s 0 Default routeQuidway A10.0.0.1S010.0.0.2S0Quidway BPrivate NetworkPublic NetworkQuidway A:ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 10.0.0.2question3,route algorithmsrThe ideal algorithmsmOptimum simpleness,low cost mRobust/Convergent mapplicability rclassificat
15、ion mStatic vs dynamicsingle path vs multi-pathSingle-layer structure vs Hierarchical structure intra domain vs inter domain domain:AS link state vs distance vector Network Layer4-18Hierarchical Routingscale:with 200 million destinations:rcant store all dests in routing tables!rrouting table exchang
16、e would swamp links!administrative autonomyrinternet=network of networksreach network admin may want to control routing in its own networkOur routing study thus far-idealization rall routers identicalrnetwork“flat”not true in practiceNetwork Layer4-19Hierarchical Routingraggregate routers into regio
17、ns,“autonomous systems”(AS)rrouters in same AS run same routing protocolm“intra-AS”routing protocolmrouters in different AS can run different intra-AS routing protocolGateway routerrDirect link to router in another ASNetwork Layer4-213b1d3a1c2aAS3AS1AS21a2c2b1bIntra-ASRouting algorithmInter-ASRoutin
18、g algorithmForwardingtable3cInterconnected ASesrforwarding table configured by both intra-and inter-AS routing algorithmmintra-AS sets entries for internal destsminter-AS&intra-As sets entries for external dests Network Layer 4-223b1d3a1c2aAS3AS1AS21a2c2b1b3cInter-AS tasksrsuppose router in AS1 rece
19、ives datagram destined outside of AS1:mrouter should forward packet to gateway router,but which one?AS1 must:1.learn which dests are reachable through AS2,which through AS32.propagate this reachability info to all routers in AS1Job of inter-AS routing!Network Layer 4-23Example:Setting forwarding tab
20、le in router 1drsuppose AS1 learns(via inter-AS protocol)that subnet x reachable via AS3(gateway 1c)but not via AS2.rinter-AS protocol propagates reachability info to all internal routers.rrouter 1d determines from intra-AS routing info that its interface I is on the least cost path to 1c.minstalls
21、forwarding table entry(x,I)3b1d3a1c2aAS3AS1AS21a2c2b1b3cxNetwork Layer 4-24Example:Choosing among multiple ASesrnow suppose AS1 learns from inter-AS protocol that subnet x is reachable from AS3 and from AS2.rto configure forwarding table,router 1d must determine towards which gateway it should forwa
22、rd packets for dest x.mthis is also job of inter-AS routing protocol!3b1d3a1c2aAS3AS1AS21a2c2b1b3cxNetwork Layer 4-25Learn from inter-AS protocol that subnet x is reachable via multiple gatewaysUse routing infofrom intra-AS protocol to determinecosts of least-cost paths to eachof the gatewaysHot pot
23、ato routing:Choose the gatewaythat has the smallest least costDetermine fromforwarding table the interface I that leads to least-cost gateway.Enter(x,I)in forwarding tableExample:Choosing among multiple ASesrnow suppose AS1 learns from inter-AS protocol that subnet x is reachable from AS3 and from A
24、S2.rto configure forwarding table,router 1d must determine towards which gateway it should forward packets for dest x.mthis is also job of inter-AS routing protocol!rhot potato routing:send packet towards closest of two routers.rThe standard of route costmThe path length:hop mDelay:the source end to
25、 the destination endmbandwidth:throughout capacity Network Layer 4-27uyxwvz2213112535Graph:G=(N,E)N=set of routers=u,v,w,x,y,z E=set of links=(u,v),(u,x),(v,x),(v,w),(x,w),(x,y),(w,y),(w,z),(y,z)Graph abstractionRemark:Graph abstraction is useful in other network contextsExample:P2P,where N is set o
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