英语国家社会与文化入门下册课件BII-U20.pptx

1、英语国家社会与文化入门英语国家社会与文化入门(下册）下册）The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries An Introduction(Book Two)CanadaUnit 20 The Canadian Economy Welcome to Canada Bienvenue au CanadaQuiz Give the English and a brief explanation for the following:1 国内生产总值 2“增值”产业 3 第三产业 4 美加自由贸易协定 5“第三种选择”Focal P

2、oints three factors influencing Canadian economy The Canada-US Free Trade Agreement natural resources in Canada agriculture in Canada manufacturing industry in Canada service industry in CanadaThis Unit Is Divided into Seven SectionsI.HistoryII.The Canada-US Free Trade AgreementIII.Natural Resources

3、IV.AgricultureV.Manufacturing IndustriesVI.Service IndustriesVII.Canadas Place in the World EconomyOverview A leading industrial nation with a highly developed economy Factors influencing the economy1.its physical geography-rich in natural resources with huge size and small population,therefore extr

4、acting and transporting difficult2.the U.S.more powerful economy and larger market,therefore trade developed more across the border than within the country3.federal government have played a stronger role in managing the development of resources and infrastructure Three main industries:natural resour

5、ces(primary industries)manufacturing(secondary industries)service(tertiary)industries Natural resources(primary industries)-6%of Canadas GDP agriculture fishing forestry mining Manufacturing(secondary industries)-26%of GDP manufacturing construction transport communications Service(tertiary)industri

6、es -68%of GDP Trade Finance Services public administrationBefore WW II a producer of staple commodities-furs,fish,forestry and agricultural products export of primary resources-the backbone of the economy John A.Macdonald attempted to develop internal markets and a manufacturing industry but failedA

7、fter WW II ties with the UK weakened,and more influenced by the US growth remained based on raw materials the extent of foreign ownership of companies was high small market and difficult to access difficult to compete with US manufacturers protectionist practices to stimulate manufacturing industrie

8、s,eg,heavy tariffs on the import of US carsIn the 1960s&1970s Auto Pact(Canada and U.S.)signed in 1965,paved way for FTA After 1966,affected by US inflation,world oil crisis of early 1970s,and economic recession of 1974-75 Trudeaus new economic vision floating exchange rate,imposing export tax on oi

9、l,“Third Option”(stronger trading relations with Japan and Europe rather than relying too much on the US)policies worked well,but viewed as being socialist and interventionistIn 1980 and after National Energy Policy(1980)-controversial attempt to control of the energy industry-angered western provin

10、ces End of government interventionism,embrace the principles of free tradeII.The Canada-US Free Trade AgreementBackground Brian Mulroney broke promise after coming into office in 1984,started negotiating free trade with US Canadian industries had been hurt by the US refusal to regard Canada as a“spe

11、cial case”and waive tariffs Businesses were relocating to the US the US hoped to gain more international support for GATTThe FTA came into effect on 1 January 1989 scheduled to remove tariff protection on most items by 1998 Controversial agreement on agricultural products controversial provision of

12、a guarantee of the US access to Canadian energy cultural activities and beer left out of the agreement Effects of FTA a reduced role of government in the benefited resource-rich western provinces more than the heavily-manufacturing based eastern provinces an“imperfect”agreement for Canada doubts on

13、diminishing economic,political and cultural sovereignty will benefit in the long run as it is the international trendIII.Natural Resources Economic base decides the political,social and cultural conditions In a resource-based economy,local social,political and cultural conditions can all be heavily

14、influenced by the nature of the livelihood people participate in.e.g.Ukraine in farming regions English and Scottish as miners in BCAdvantages and Disadvantages vast amounts of fuel-oil,gas,coal,uranium,water for hydroelectricity high per capita rates of energy consumption extraction,development and

15、 transportation difficult high transportation costs conflicts between energy-rich provinces and the federal government the east-west political and economic division e.g.AlbertaThe Case of AlbertaIn 1947,oil and natural gas reserves were discovered in Alberta.When oil prices skyrocketed in 1973 and 1

16、979,Alberta wanted to sell at world prices.The federal government issued a policy to stabilize domestic prices and forced Alberta to sell to other provinces at lower prices,causing additional resentment between east and west.Albertas sand oilIV.AgricultureBackground 88%of the landmass is unsuitable

17、for farming soil is poor,the growing season is short and the climate is harsh farming concentrates on a narrow band along the southern border products are far away from the metropolitan markets,transportation costs expensiveProduction Base-the prairie provinces account for about 51%of agricultural o

18、utput specialize in wheat and cereals,feedstock and cattle farms tend to be very largeProduction Base-Quebec&Ontario had more than 3/4 of Canadas dairy farms and 2/3 of hog farms(1981)farms are much smallerProduction Base-New Brunswick and PEI large poultry sectors specializing in potato production-

19、British Columbia mild climate good for orchards,and the development of a wine industry Government policies and FTA federal government introduced a subsidy policy in World War II,reducing transportation costs and allowing regions to specialize in products Impact of FTA-a dramatic drop in exports-chea

20、per to import and buy from the US-displaced inefficient Canadian farmers V.Manufacturing Industries export raw resources and import manufactured goods a high degree of foreign ownership manufacturing products include paper,technological equipment,automobiles,food,clothing etc.Advanced Technologynucl

21、ear technology for peaceful means,eg.CANDU heavy water nuclear reactorhydroelectricity productiontelecommunications,e.g.Involved in developing the Chinese telecommunications industrycontributed to the American space program by providing a robotic arm(the“Canadarm”)to space shuttles VI.Service Indust

22、riesinclude banking,health care,construction,communications,education,tourism and governmentover 70%of Canadians work in the service sectorexport of services through forums like GATT and FTA Graduation Ceremony at McGill University VII.Canadas Place In The World Economy influences the world economy

23、as one of the wealthy industrialized countries growth rate high among the G-7 countries its strong macroeconomic frameworks,conservative bank lending policies and strict regulation,and a cautious business culture -helped reduced the impact of the world financial crisis Questions for DiscussionA.Comm

24、ent on the sentence As is the case in other industrialized countries,more Canadians now provide services than make things.B.Do you think the Canadian government should subsidize the inefficient Canadian farmers so as to protect its agriculture from the competition from the US?C.How do you view the future of freer trade among nations in the world?Will this result in diminishing national identity and sovereignty?D.What do you think of the FTA?Is it beneficial to Canada as it is to the United States?The End高等教育出版社2015