专升本英语语法课件.ppt

1、 专升本英语语法Now lets learn grammar happily!基本类别基本结构形式：分过去、现在、将来等形式见下表名词性从句中用should+动词原形在宾语、主语、表语、同位语从句中从句中用过去式在特殊句型中 虚拟语气基本结构/时态：时间时间条件从句条件从句主句主句对过去的对过去的假设假设动词过去式动词过去式/werewould动词动词原型原型对现在的对现在的假设假设had+过去分词过去分词would+have+过去分词过去分词对将来的对将来的假设假设should/would/动词动词过去式过去式 would+v.现 在 If I in your place,I think d

2、ifferently.如果我在你的位置，我的想法会不同。如果我在你的位置，我的想法会不同。If I you,I do like that.如果我是你的话，我不会那样做。条件从句中条件从句中bebe一律用一律用werewere,不分人称。但在不分人称。但在口语中或非正式场合中，第一、三人称单数也口语中或非正式场合中，第一、三人称单数也可用可用was,was,现代美语更是如此。现代美语更是如此。主句中主句中should should 用于第一人称单、复数，用于第一人称单、复数，wouldwould用于其他人称单、复数。现代英语中用于其他人称单、复数。现代英语中wouldwould可用于第一人称。可

3、用于第一人称。过 去 If we a little later,we the train.如果我们迟点走的话，我们就会错失火如果我们迟点走的话，我们就会错失火车了。车了。If I her,I her.要是我碰到她的话，我就已经告诉她了。将 来 If he tomorrow,he it.如果他明天来的话，他就会知道了。如果他明天来的话，他就会知道了。If she go there tomorrow,she him.如果她明天到那里去的话，她可能会遇到他的。Note虚拟语气的主句中的除了用虚拟语气的主句中的除了用wouldwould当助当助词外还可用词外还可用should,could,mights

4、hould,could,might等作助等作助词；词；当虚拟条件句含有当虚拟条件句含有时，时，可以省略可以省略if if，而把，而把were,had,should were,had,should 移移到主语之前，即使用到主语之前，即使用；虚拟条件句还可以使用：虚拟条件句还可以使用：If it were not If it were not for=Were it not forfor=Were it not for（要不是（要不是/如果如果没有没有 或或 If it had not been forIf it had not been for（Had Had it not been forit

5、 not been for）eg.1.If we had left a little earlier,we would have caught the bus.we left a little earlier,we would have caught the bus.如果我们早点走，就可以赶上公共汽车了。如果我们早点走，就可以赶上公共汽车了。2.If I were in his place,I would try my best.I in his place,I would try my best.如果我在他的位置，我会尽我所能的。exercise 1 I _ you a more valua

6、ble present for your birthday,but I was short of money at that time.much have bought B.had bought C.would have bought A.D.would buy Key:C exercise 2If she could sew,she _ herself a shirt.A.had made B.will make C.would have made D.made Key:C exercise 3_ he come,the problem would be settled.Would B.Sh

7、ould C.Shall A.D.If Key:B exercise 4_ he would have succeeded in the examinations.If he has worked hard B.If he works hardC.If he worked hard A.D.Had he worked hard Key:D exercise 5What would you do if the war _.would break out B.were to break out C.will break out A.D.is broken out Key:B 错综条件句If he

8、_ his legs yesterday,he _ with us now.hadnt hurt;would go hadnt hurt;would have gonedidnt hurt;would go A.didnt hurt;would have gone 错综条件句是指条件从句中的动作和主句的动作发生的时间不一致。e.g.If she hadnt studied hard,she wouldnt speak so well.省略if的倒装句e.g.If they were here,they would help us.如果从句中有were，should，had等词，可省略if，并把

9、were，should，had放句首进行倒装。If you had come earlier,nothing would have happened.Were they here,they would help us.Had you come earlier,nothing would have happened.Exercise_ before we depart the day after tomorrow,we should have a wonderful party.Had they arrived Would they arrive Were they arriving A.Wer

10、e they to arrive5)含蓄条件句假设情况不以if条件句表现出来，而是通过某个介词或介词短语或不定式表现出来。如with，without，but for，but，otherwise等。e.g.I lost her phone number,otherwise,I would have rung her up.But for your help,I would not have the chance to go to School.If you had not helped meIf I had not lost her phone number ExerciseI was away

11、 that day,otherwise I _ the lecture.A.had attended B.would have attended C.would attend D.attended 介词短语引出的虚拟条件句We could have finished the exam more time.如果还有时间，我本来是可以完成考卷的。如果还有时间，我本来是可以完成考卷的。him,I would have drowned.如果没有他，我早被淹死了。如果没有他，我早被淹死了。she was afraid,she would have said no.如果她不是害怕的话，她早就说不了。如果她

12、不是害怕的话，她早就说不了。exercise 1.Without your help,I _ the exam last term.failed in B.would have failed C.wouldnt pass A.D.would fail Key:B exercise 2.But for the Party,he _ of hunger 30 years ago.died B.would die C.must have died A.D.would have died Key:D 主语从句中的虚拟语气 It+be+a./n./pp+that从句从句+（should）v.原形原形 常

13、用的形容词有：常用的形容词有：important,necessary,possible,hoped,strange,imperative,desirable等。等。It is that you(should)be there in person.It is that he confirm his reservations before Friday.It is that an efficient worker accomplish his work on time.It is that products of high quality(should)sell well.宾语从句中的虚拟语气 用

14、在表示建议用在表示建议(suggest)，提议，提议(propose)，命，命令令(order)，坚持，坚持(insist)，劝告，劝告(advise)，决，决定（定（decide），宁愿），宁愿(prefer),ask,demand,require等动词后的宾语从句中。等动词后的宾语从句中。动词形式为：动词形式为：(should)+v.原形原形 He suggested that he(should)read it himself.I demand that this(should)be finished on time.wish wish 后的宾语从句后的宾语从句，其形式有三种情况：，其形

15、式有三种情况：对对目前状况目前状况所表示的祝愿或抱歉，谓语动词为所表示的祝愿或抱歉，谓语动词为。be be 一律用一律用werewere。对对将来发生将来发生的事情表示祝愿，谓语动词为：的事情表示祝愿，谓语动词为：could could(would)+v.(would)+v.原形原形。对对过去发生过去发生的事情表示遗憾、后悔，谓语动词为：的事情表示遗憾、后悔，谓语动词为：had+v.pp had+v.pp 或或 could/would+have+v.ppcould/would+have+v.pp I didnt go to the party,but I do wish I had been

16、there.I didnt go to the party,but I do wish I had been there.I should have gone to the opera yesterday.I should have gone to the opera yesterday.I wish I had had yesterday.I wish I had had yesterday.Tom can take his car apart and put it back together again.Tom can take his car apart and put it back

17、together again.I certainly wish he would teach me how to do it.I certainly wish he would teach me how to do it.I wish he hadnt gone.I wish he hadnt gone.用于用于 would rather/would sooner/would rather/would sooner/would prefer would prefer、It is time thatIt is time that等等表示表示“宁愿、希望、该做某事宁愿、希望、该做某事”等意义动词等

18、意义动词之后的从句之后的从句中。中。动词形式为：动词形式为：一般过去式一般过去式 (表现在在和表现在在和将来将来)/)/过去完成式（表过去）过去完成式（表过去）I would rather he came next Saturday.I would rather he came next Saturday.I would prefer he didnt stay there too I would prefer he didnt stay there too longlong 在在It is time that 引导的定语从句中，引导的定语从句中，要用虚拟语气。要用虚拟语气。动词形式为：动词形

19、式为：一般过去式。一般过去式。Its（about/high）time that we left.状语从句中的虚拟语气 虚拟语气还可用在由虚拟语气还可用在由as if 或或as though 引导引导的的方式状语从句方式状语从句中。中。动词形式为：过去式或过去完成式动词形式为：过去式或过去完成式 She speaks as if she were on the spot.You speak as if you had really been there.They look as if they were real brothers.He talked as if nothing had happ

20、ened.Note：在在It sounds/looks/seems as if 后后的从句中，有时可用陈述语气。的从句中，有时可用陈述语气。It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.状语从句中的虚拟语气 在在in order that 和和so that 引导的引导的目目的状语从句的状语从句中。中。动词形式用：动词形式用：should/could/might+v.原形原形 She took a taxi in order that she might get there in time.句子的种类 按结构可分为三类：简单句：只包含一个主谓结

21、构，各部分只由单词或短语表示 并列句：包含两个或更多的互不依从的主谓结构，用一个并列连词连接 复合句：包含两个或更多的主谓结构，各部分并不同等重要，其中有一个或多主谓结构充当从属分句，即：主句+从句简单句(Simple Sentences)五种基本句型：1主语+谓语动词(vi)：The sun rises 2主语+谓语（系动词）+表语：He becomes an engineer.3主语+谓语动词(Vt.)+宾语：He collects stamps.4主语+谓语动词(Vt.)+间接宾语+直接宾语 She sent me a Christmas card.5主语+谓语动词+宾语+补语：（涉及分

22、词用法）We call the cat Tom.They found the old man dying.并列句(Compound Sentences)用分号：We fished all day；(however,)we didnt catch a thing.用并列连词：and,but,or,so,yet,nor,for both.and,not.only.but also either.or,neither.nor,as well as,however,while whereas.He opened the door and went in .He neither likes fictio

23、n nor(likes)poetry.三大主从复合句 名词性从句：主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句 定语从句：限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 状语从句 时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、让步、方式状语从句主语从句(subject Clauses)主语从句常用连词：从属连词that,whether；连接代词 what,whatever,which,who,whoever；连接副词how,where,why,when等。What you need is more practice.It is a pity(that)she cant come.When he will come

24、is still a question It is still a question when he will come back.(it 作形式主语）宾语从句语从句(Object Clause)1）由that引起（that经常可以省略），例如：I think(that)he is right.2)由关系代词what引起,例如:：I dont believe what he said.3)由其它连接代词或副词引起，例如：Do you know where the post office is?I wonder whether he can speak French or not.表语从句(Pr

25、edicative clauses)1）由that引起的，例如：My suggestion is that you should not go alone.2)由关系代词what引起的，例如：This is what they need.3)由其它连接代词或副词引起的，例如：That is where he was born.This is why I decided to give up smoking.同位语从句(appositive Clauses)同位语从句常跟在同位语从句常跟在 fact,suggestion,idea,opinion,news,hope 等名词后等名词后通常由通常由

26、。The fact that the sea water can not be used for drinking is known to all.I had no idea that you were here.（我没（我没有想到你会在这里）有想到你会在这里）The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.ExerciseI want to know he finished the work in such short time.WhyB.whatC.howD.ifThe fact he had gone to America

27、couldnt be changed.thatB.whatC.howD.ifI wonder you didnt come to the party yesterday.A.thatB.whyC.howD.if定语从句 1（Attributive Clause)1.定义：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句。2.先行词：定语从句所修饰名词称为先行词。3.引导定语从句的连词：关系代词：which,that,who,whom,whose 关系副词：when,where,why 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并

28、在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who,whom,that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作在从句中作主语）主语）He is the man whom/that I s

29、aw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从在从句中作宾语）句中作宾语）1 关系词引导的定语从句关系词引导的定语从句 2)Whose 用来指人或物，用来指人或物，(只用作定语只用作定语,若指物，它还可以若指物，它还可以同同of which互换）互换）,例如：例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is gre

30、en.请递给我那本绿皮的书。请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（的繁荣。（which/that在句中作宾语）在句中作宾语）The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrap

31、ped.你拿的包快散了。你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语）在句中作宾语）介词介词+关系词关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?DoyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclubExercise

32、This is the book tells about teaching method.The man you met yesterday is an actor.Is this the girl mother is a singer?This is the shelf on I keep my books.that/whichwhosewhichwhom关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when,where,why 关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于介词+which结构，因此常常和介词+which结

33、构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和介词+which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：His father died

34、 the year(that/when/in which)he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which)he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。3 判断关系代词与关系副判断关系代词与关系副词词3 判断关系代词与关系副词判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIst

35、ayedlastyear.IllneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1.Isthismuseum_youvisitedafewdaysage?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone例2.Isthisthemuseum_theexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone答案：例1D，例2A例1变为肯定句：Thismuseumis_youvisitedafewdaysago

36、.例2变为肯定句：Thisisthemuseum_theexhibitionwasheld.在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where,that,onwhich都不能起到宾语的作用，只有theone既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因inthemuseum词组，可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语

37、时，应选择关系副词(where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)。4 限制性和非限制性定语从句限制性和非限制性定语从句1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）4 限制性和非限制性定语从句限

38、制性和非限制性定语从句2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.查理查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。老师。My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This no

39、vel,which I have read three times,is very touching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修对其进行修饰饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。我心烦。Liquid water changes

40、to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词说明：关系代词that和关系副词和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语不能引导非限制性定语从句。从句。5 as,which 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首，which在句中。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultooneshealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimporta

41、nttous.典型例题1）Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,_cameasasurprise.A.itB.thatC.whichD.he答案C.此为非限定性从句，不能用that修饰，而用which.，it和he都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词

42、，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）Itrainedhardyesterday,_preventedmefromgoingtothepark.A.thatB.whichC.asD.it答案B.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1）as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。(2）as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As 的用

43、法的用法例1.thesameas；suchas中的as是一种固定结构,和一样。Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe(has).例2.as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultooneshealth.Asisknow,smokingisharmfultooneshealth.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。7 先行词和关系词二合一先行词和关系词二合一1)Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.(Whoever可以用anyo

44、newho代替)2)Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool.(what可以用allthat代替)8 what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever 1）what=thethingwhich；whatever=anythingWhatyouwanthasbeensenthere.Whateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetome.2)who=thepersonthatwhoever=anyonewho（错）Whobreaksthelawwillbepunished.（错

45、）Whoeverrobbedthebankisnotclear.（对）Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.（对）Whorobbedthebankisnotclear.只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。b)在不定代词，如：anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。c)先行词有the only,the very修饰时，只用that。d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.e)先行词既

46、有人，又有物时。关系代词关系代词that 的用法的用法Eg：All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。Finally,the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。He is the only students that sings well.状语从句状语从句状语从句12.1地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导。WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.我住的地方树很多。Whereve

47、rIamIwillbethinkingofyou.不管我在哪里我都会想到你12.2 方式状语从句方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as,(just)asso,asif,asthough引导。1）as,(just)asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just)asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文体，例如：Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。Aswateristofish,soairistoman.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Justaswesweepourroo

48、ms,soweshouldsweepbackwardideasfromourminds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2）asif,asthough两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的，好像似的，例如：They completely ignore these facts as if(as though)they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟

49、语气。）用虚拟语气。）He looks as if(as though)he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）说明：说明：as if/as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如

50、：词短语，例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。12.3 原因状语从句原因状语从句比较：because,since,as和for1）because语势最强，用