英语学术论文写作unit5课件.pptx

1、How to Write a Dissertation in EnglishChapter 5Documenting Sources:In-text Citation and Content Notes5.1 In-text Citation5.2 Using Content NotesQuestionsChapter 5Documenting Sources:In-text Citation and Content Notes A research paper must include documentation of the sources the student has cited.Th

2、e material may have been summarized,paraphrased or used directly.No matter how the material is used in the paper,the student is required to tell the reader that it is other peoples ideas,data,findings,opinions or conclusions,not his.Otherwise it will be considered as plagiarism.There are a few style

3、s to document the sources in writing research papers:MLA(Modern Language Association),and APA(American Psychological Association),and so on.The MLA style is used in such fields as literature,history,art and others;the APA style is mostly used in social sciences.In general,the MLA attaches more impor

4、tance to page numbers,the APA the published time of the cited works.Chapter 5Documenting Sources:In-text Citation and Content Notes There are three methods of identifying sources in the MLA style:1)in-text citation;2)full documentation in the Works Cited page(s);and 3)content notes if necessary.This

5、 chapter discusses how to do in-text citation and content notes.5.1 In-text Citation5.1 In-text CitationHow to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q5.1.1 General Guidelines5.1.2 Citing Two or More Authors5.1.3 Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author5.1.4 Citing Titles of Works5.1.5 Citing Ind

6、irect Sources5.1.6 Citing Two or More Works in a Parenthetical Reference5.1.7 Citing Volume and Page Numbers5.1.8 Using Ellipsis and Square Brackets5.1.9 Citing Literary Works4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.1 General Guidelines Precise,brief and detailed documentation is required in the acknowledgement of sources

7、.The student must demonstrate to the audience exactly what was taken from each source and exactly where in the work the material was found.To meet these requirements,the student can use in-text citation method,i.e.documenting the source of any borrowed material immediately as it appears,right in the

8、 text of the paper.It requires only minimum information,through which the reader can easily turn to the end of the paper and find the publication details in the Works Cited.In determining the information needed to identify sources accurately,keep the following guidelines in mind:1.In most cases,prov

9、ide the last name of the author and page number(s).Do not use abbreviations such as“ed.”“trans.”and“comp.”after the name.e.g.How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.1 General GuidelinesThis would appear in the Works Cited as:Ellis,Rod.Second Language Acquisition.Oxford:Ox

10、ford UP,1997.Note:Never use p.,pp.or pg.before the page number(s)in in-text citation.In a range of page numbers,give the second number in full for numbers through ninety-nine.For larger numbers,take the last two digits of the second number.e.g.7-9;58-68;110-11;246-49;1034-37.How to Write a Dissertat

11、ion in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9 “Contrary to recent assertions in the literature,there is growing evidence that maturational constraints are at work in SL learning,and that they are not confined tophonology”(Ellis 110-11).2.A page reference is unnecessary if you use a passage from a one-page w

12、ork.3.If the student discusses only one work in the paper,both the authors name and page number(s)are cited in the first parenthesis and only page number(s)is/are needed inCon5.1.1 General Guidelinesthe later citations.4.Use punctuations properly.Do not place a comma or other punctuations between th

13、e authors name and the page number(s).The final punctuation goes outside the parenthesis.When the borrowed information ends with a quotation mark,the parenthesis follows the mark.When a question mark or an exclamation mark is in the original quote,a period still follows the parenthesis.e.g.How to Wr

14、ite a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9 We should not ignore a fact that“Even in everyday conversation,moments of miscommunication arise more frequently than is often realized”(Stubbs 241).“Drawing on the accessibility hierarchy,SLA researchers have asked Does the hierarchy predict the

15、order of acquisition of relative clauses?”(Ellis 64).These would appear in the Works Cited as:Stubbs,Michael.Discourse Analysis:The Sociolinguistic Analysis of Natural Language.Con5.1.1 General Guidelines Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1983.Ellis,Rod.Second Language Acquisition.Oxford:Oxford UP,1997.5.No ci

16、tation is needed when an authors entire work rather than a part of it is referred to.e.g.Michael Stubbs has devoted an entire book,Discourse Analysis,to the subject.6.If the authors name is included in a sentence,do not repeat the name in the parenthetical page citation.e.g.Stubbs points out that“Ev

17、en in everyday conversation,moments of miscommunication arise more frequently than is often realized”(241).This would appear in the Works Cited as:Stubbs,Michael.Discourse Analysis:the sociolinguistic analysis of natural language.Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1983.How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2

18、35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.1 General Guidelines7.Place the parenthetical reference where a pause would naturally occur(usually at the end of a sentence),as near as possible to the material identified.8.Whatever cited in the text must also have its correspondence in the Works Cited page(s).How to Writ

19、e a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.2 Citing Two or More Authors If the authors are introduced in the text,just place the page number(s)in the parenthesis.e.g.McMahan and Day propose a way of writing practice 行 free writing,which serves the same purpose as callisthenics before a

20、 football game(9).This would appear in the Works Cited as:McMahan,Elizabeth and Susan Day.The Writers Rhetoric and Handbook.New York:McGraw-Hill,1980.If the citation contains two authors,cite both authors by their last names.e.g.“Effective communication depends on knowing how to approach audience-th

21、e people who will read what you write”(McMahan and Day 9).How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.2 Citing Two or More AuthorsThis would appear in the Works Cited as:McMahan,Elizabeth and Susan Day.The Writers Rhetoric and Handbook.New York:McGraw-Hill,1980.If there are t

22、wo or more authors with the same last name,include the initials of the first names.e.g.The after effects of violence from someone known are harder to recover because a trust has been violated(D.Martin 63).Nominalizations“retain a sense of something going on”(J.R.Martin 242).These would appear in the

23、 Works Cited as:Martin,D.Battered Wives.San Francisco:Glide,1976.How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.2 Citing Two or More Authors Martin,J.R.Factual Writing:Exploring and Challenging Social Reality.Deakin:Deakin UP,1985.If a book or an essay is written by two or three

24、 authors,write their last names and then the page number(s).e.g.“Above all,headlines are factual.They are a summary of the summary which typically forms the first few lines of any news story”(Aitchison,Lewis and Naylor 24).This would appear in the Works Cited as:Jean,Aitchison,Diana Lewis and Bronwy

25、n Naylor.“Car Murder Hubby Caged-and Other Murderous Headlines”English Today.16.1(2000):23-32.How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.2 Citing Two or More Authors If there are more than three authors,either give the first authors last name followed by et al.or give all th

26、e last names and then the page number(s).e.g.“Spolsky argues that misunderstanding is far more common than we normally assume,and that there can never be a single correct understanding of any text”(Brown et al.139).“A useful consequence for foreign language assessment can be drawn from the distincti

27、on between achievement and ability testing”(Brown,Malmkjr,Pollitt and Williams 140).These would appear in the Works Cited as:Brown,Gillian et al.eds.Language and Understanding.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1994.How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.2 Citing Two or More

28、 Authorsor Brown,Gillian,Kirsten Malmkjr,Alastair Pollitt,and John Williams,eds.Language and Understanding.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1994.It must be pointed out that in citing more than three authors,“et al.”is more popular and preferred.How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7

29、 8 9Con5.1.3 Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author If two or more works by the same author are cited in the research paper,refer to the following rules in in-text citation:1.Place a comma after the authors last name and add the title of the work(if brief)or a shortened version and the page number

30、(s).e.g.“We may allow,then,that language is an impressive human achievement.But is it specifically and uniquely human?Is it species-specific?”(Widdowson,Linguistics 8).“An over-concentration on usage may often have the effect of putting the language being learned at a remove from the learners own ex

31、perience of language”(Widdowson,Teaching 17).In this example,Teaching is the shortened title of Teaching Language as Communication.How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.3 Citing Multiple Works by the Same AuthorThese would appear in the Works Cited as:Widdowson,H.G.Ling

32、uistics.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1996.-.Teaching Language as Communication.Oxford:Oxford UP,1978.2.Provide only the title of the work(if brief)or a shortened version and page number(s)if the authors name is stated in the text.e.g.It seems to Widdowson that“an over-concentration on usage may of

33、ten have the effect of putting the language being learned at a remove from the learners own experience of language”(Teaching 17).This would appear in the Works Cited as:Widdowson,H.G.Teaching Language as Communication.Oxford:Oxford UP,1978.How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8

34、9Con5.1.3 Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author3.Give only the page number(s)if both the authors name and the title are included in the text.e.g.In Teaching Language as Communication,Widdowson says that“an over-concentration on usage may often have the effect of putting the language being learned

35、 at a remove from the learners own experience of language”(17).How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.4 Citing Titles of Works If the author of a work is unknown,use either the complete title or a shortened form of the title in parentheses.If a long title is cited often

36、in the text,use a shortened title after stating it fully at least once.e.g.Floyd Lounsbury,one of the twentieth centurys most influential anthropological linguists,passed away on May 14,1998,shortly after his eighty-fourth birthday(“Floyd”563).This would appear in the Works Cited as:“Floyd Glenn Lou

37、nsbury.”Language.75.3.(1999):563-66.How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.5 Citing Indirect Sources Although it is always encouraged to cite from the original source,it is sometimes the case that only an indirect source is available.Under such circumstances,add“qtd.In”(

38、for quoted in)before the second-hand source in the parenthetical citation.e.g.“.in some sources,especially poets,style may not be deviation from but achievement of a norm”(Hymes,qtd.in Halliday 336).This would appear in the Works Cited as:Hymes,Dell H.“Phonological aspects of style:some English sonn

39、ets”.qtd.in M.A.K.Halliday.“Linguistic function and literary style:an inquiry into the language of William Goldings The Inheritor,Freeman,Donald,C.ed.Essays in Modern Stylistics.New York:Methuen,1981.How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.5 Citing Indirect Sources This e

40、xample shows that the writer did not quote directly from Hymes“Phonological aspects of style:some English sonnets”,but quoted it from Hallidays“Linguistic function and literary style:an inquiry into the language of William Goldings The Inheritor”.Note:indirect sources should be used discriminately.R

41、elying too much on them will undermine the credibility of ones paper.How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.6 Citing Two or More Works in a Parenthetical Reference If two or more works are included in a single parenthetical reference,give all sources consulted,and use a

42、semicolon or semicolons to separate the documentations.e.g.Formal models of parameter setting have been developed for small sets of grammars,but even the search spaces defined by these models contain local maxima and subset or superset relations that may cause a learner to converge to an incorrect g

43、rammar(Clark 1992;Gibson&Wexler 1994;Niyogi&Berwick 1996;Wexler&Manzini 1987).These would appear in the Works Cited as:Clark,Robin.“The Selection of Syntactic Knowledge.”Language Acquisition.2.(1992):83-149.Gibson,Edward and Ken Wexler.“Triggers.”Linguistic Inquiry.68.(1994):1-76.How to Write a Diss

44、ertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.6 Citing Two or More Works in a Parenthetical ReferenceNiyogi,Partha and Robert Berwick.“A Language Learning Model for Finite Parameter Spaces.”Cognition.61.(1996):161-93.Wexler,Ken and Rita Manzini.“Parameters and Learnability in Binding Theory.”Para

45、meter Setting.ed.Thomas Roeper and Edwin Williams.Dordrecht:Reidel,1987:41-76.How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9 Note:a long parenthetical reference may disrupt the reader,and therefore,should be used with caution.Con5.1.7 Citing Volume and Page Numbers When identifying a

46、work which has more than one volume,cite the volume number and page number(s)with a colon and a space in between.e.g.“Bacons chief contribution to posterity lies in his role as the founder of materialism in philosophy and science in England”(Chen I:210-11).This would appear in the Works Cited as:Che

47、n,Jia.A History of English Literature.4 vols.Beijing:The Commercial Press,1983.If an entire volume is referred to and the authors name is required to be cited,place a comma after the authors name and include the abbreviation vol.:“(Chen,vol.2)”If such a reference is integrated into a sentence,spell

48、out volume:“In volume 2,Chen talks about.”How to Write a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.7 Citing Volume and Page Numbers If the students paper cites only one volume of a multivolume work,include the volume number in the list of works cited,yet not in the parentheses.How to Writ

49、e a Dissertation in English1 2 35.15.2Q4 5 6 7 8 9Con5.1.8 Using Ellipsis and Square Brackets Ellipsis Use ellipsis points to indicate omitted material in a quotation.Since the works referred to may also contain ellipsis points,it is required to place square brackets around the ellipsis points:.When

50、ever the student omits words from a quotation,the resulting passage should be grammatically complete and correct.Omission may occur at the beginning,in the middle,or at the end of a sentence or paragraph:At the beginning In the chapter“My Sea Adventure”of Treasure Island,Stevenson gives a vivid acco