大学英语课件of-studies.ppt

1、 Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。知识就是力量。hvFrancis Bacons LifevFrancis Bacons Thoughts and WritingsvFrancis Bacons Essay:Of StudieshFrancis Bacons LifevBacon was born in a prominent and well-connected family.vTemporary stay at France during 15771579,obtaining new ideas and thoughts

2、.vBacon completed his law degree in 1582,and in 1588 he was named lecturer in legal studies.In the meantime,he was elected as a member of the House of Commons.v He became Lord Keeper of Seal in 1617,Lord Chancellor in 1618 and was made a peer in 1618 under the reign of James I.vHe was charged with b

3、ribery and deprived of his office in 1621.vFor the next five years,Bacon got immersed in the pursuit of the literary study and the scientific experiment.hBacons Thoughts and Writingsv Bacon opposed the traditional learning of the Schoolmen and proposed an entirely new system based on empirical and i

4、nductive principles and the active development of new arts and inventions,a system whose ultimate goal would be the production of practical knowledge for the benefit of men.hvIn The Advancement of Learning(1605),he argued that the only knowledge of importance was that which could be discovered by ob

5、servation.He championed the idea of state funding for experimental science and the creation of an encyclopedia.v In Novum Organum(1620),he redefined the task of natural science,as a way of increasing human power over nature.vThe New Atlantis(1626),he described a utopian state,exploiting scientific k

6、nowledge.vThe Essays hBacons EssaysvThe first version of Essays(1597)contains ten essays.vThe final version collects fifty-eight essays,covering a wide variety of subjects.vMany of his sentences have become wise old sayings into English language.“Virtue is like a rich stone,best plain set.”（美德好比宝石，在

7、朴素背景的衬托下反而更华丽。)hOf Studiesh 读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。Question 1:What are the chief functions of reading in Bacons view?Studies serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.Their chief use for delight

8、,is in privateness and retiring;for ornament,is in discourse;and for ability,is in the judgement and disposition of business.hvQuestion 2:According to Bacon,what attitudes of reading are not proper,or not good?To spend too much time in studies is sloth;to use them too much for ornament,is affectatio

9、n;to make judgement wholly by their rules,is thehumour of a scholar.读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。条文断事乃学究故态。hQuestion 3:What is the relationship among nature,studies and experience?vThey perfect nature,and are perfected by experience:for natural abilities are like natural plants,

10、that need proyning by study;and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experience.读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。hQuestion 4:What are Bacons opinions of

11、 the right ways of reading?vRead not to contradict and confute;nor to believe and take for granted;nor to find talk and discourse;but to weigh and consider.读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。h 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎

12、者，少数则须全读，之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。蒸馏，淡而无味。Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested;that is,some books are to be read only in parts;others

13、 to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention.Some books also may be read by deputy,and extracts made of them by others;but that would be only in the less important arguments,and the meaner sort of books;else distilled books are,like common distilled w

14、aters,flashy things.hQuestion 5:Which is the most famous sentence in Of Studies?v Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。hQuestion 6:How different books make perfect person?vHistories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics s

15、ubtile;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.Abeunt studia in mores.v 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。格。hLanguage Feature of Of StudiesvThe extensive use of parallelism in sentence constr

16、uction gains the effect of clarity and coherence.“Crafty men contemn studies,simple men admire them.”“Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.”hSummaryvFrancis Bacons views on studies may offer us valuable suggestions and inspirations,and his language that is concise,direct and full of force of expression has provided us with the best examples of prose style.h