区域经济一体化的含义是一个地理区域内各国一致同意减课件.ppt

1、Chapter Eight:Regional Economic IntegrationwOutline of Chapter EightI.Levels of Economic Integration p.293 II.NAFTA and the U.S.Textile Industry p.296III.Regional Economic integration in Europe p.298 IV.China and ASEAN p.313V.Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC)p.313I.Levels of Economic Integrati

2、on 区域经济一体化的含义是一个地理区域内各国一致同意减少并最终消除关税和非关税壁垒，以便做到相互之间商品、服务和生产要素的自由流动。Regional economic integration refers to agreements among countries in a geographic region to reduce,and ultimately remove,tariff and nontariff barriers to the free flow of goods,services,and factors of production between each other.K

3、ey definition No.39 p.292 Key definition No.40 p.293 经济一体化经济一体化在理论上可能有几个层次。一体在理论上可能有几个层次。一体化的层次由低到高来划分，可分为自由贸易区、化的层次由低到高来划分，可分为自由贸易区、关税同盟、共同市场、经济联盟，最后是完全关税同盟、共同市场、经济联盟，最后是完全的政治联盟。的政治联盟。wSeveral levels of economic integration are possible in theory.From least integrated to most integrated,they are a

4、free trade area,a customs union,a common market,and economic union,and,finally,a full political union.1.Free Trade Area:p.293 1)No barriers to trade among members 2)With different trade policies to nonmemberswE.g.EFTA w(The European Free Trade Association)(1)established in1960 (2)4 countries (3)free

5、 trade in industrial goods (4)with different policy in agriculture and to outsiders Key definition No.41 p.293w在一个在一个自由贸易区自由贸易区里，各个成员国之里，各个成员国之间商品和服务的所有壁垒都被取消。间商品和服务的所有壁垒都被取消。wIn a free trade area,all barriers to the trade of goods and services among member countries are removed.2.Customs Union1)No

6、trade barriers inside2)With common external trade policy3)Desiring greater integration e.g.earlier EU Andean Pact(安第斯条约）Key definition No.42 p.293w关税联盟关税联盟清除了成员国之间的贸易壁清除了成员国之间的贸易壁垒，并采用统一的对外贸易政策。垒，并采用统一的对外贸易政策。wA customs union eliminates trade barriers between member countries and adopts a common ext

7、ernal trade policy.3.Common Market1)No barriers to trade p.2932)Common external trade policy 3)Factors of production moving freely4)Harmony and cooperation on fiscal,monetary and employment policies Key definition No.43 p.293w共同市场共同市场在成员国之间没有贸易壁垒，在成员国之间没有贸易壁垒，实施统一的对外贸易政策，实施统一的对外贸易政策，允许生产允许生产要素在成员国之间

8、的自由流动。要素在成员国之间的自由流动。wA common market has no barriers to trade between member countries,includes a common external trade policy,and allows factors of production to move freely between members.4.Economic union 1)Free flow of products and factors of production 2)Common external trade policy3)A common c

9、urrency,tax rates,monetary and fiscal policy e.g.EU Key definition No.44 p.294w经济联盟经济联盟包括产品和生产要素在成员国之间的自包括产品和生产要素在成员国之间的自由流动，采取统一的对外贸易政策，还需要一种由流动，采取统一的对外贸易政策，还需要一种统一的货币、成员国税率的协调，以及统一的货统一的货币、成员国税率的协调，以及统一的货币和财政政策。币和财政政策。An economic union involves the free flow of products and factors of production be

10、tween member countries and the adoption of a common external trade policy,but it also requires a common currency,harmonization of members tax rates,and a common monetary and fiscal policy.5.Political Union1)More integrated than an economic union2)A coordinating bureaucracy Key definition No.45 p.294

11、w向经济联盟的推进引出了一个问题，就是向经济联盟的推进引出了一个问题，就是如何使协调机构对各个成员国的公民负责。如何使协调机构对各个成员国的公民负责。答案就是通过答案就是通过政治联盟政治联盟做到这一点。做到这一点。wThe move toward economic union raises the issue of how to make a coordinating bureaucracy accountable to the citizens of member nations.The answer is through political union.II.NAFTA and the U

12、.S.Textile Industryw The Golden Gate Bridge wCars,tourists and hydrangeas mix on Lombard,the worlds crookedest street wCity Hall,with a higher dome than the US Capitol in Washington,DC wThe Bay Bridge at night Fact of NAFTA p.307 North American Free Trade Agreement -becoming law in January 1,1994 -t

13、hree countries:the US,Canada,Mexico the contents of NAFTA:-abolition of tariffs:99%of goods-removal of most barriers on service -protection of intellectual property rights-removal of most restriction on FDI-application of national environmental standards -two commissions:for health,safety,wages or c

14、hild labor Country Focus:NAFTA and the U.S.Textile Industry 1.Introduction p.296 1)NAFTA:in 1994 2)argument:job losses in US textile industry 2.Situation between 1994-2004:in textile in US1)Negative effect to the US p.296 -production:falling -employment:falling -export from Mexico to US:surged examp

15、les:-Fruit of the Loom Inc:underwear six plants closed 3,2000 workers laid off moving abroad -Cone Mills of South Caroline:denim fabric one-third employment reduce$200 million invested in Mexico2)Advantage of locating textile in Mexico -cheap labor and inputs -cheap water -local garment maker,transp

16、ortation cost low3)Positive effect to the US p.297 -price:fallen;consumer benefit -benefit American economy:*US fabric and yarn and textile -equipment:exported more to Mexico4)conclusion:Free trade area:gains outweigh the losses NAFTA and U.S.AgriculturewUnited States Department of AgriculturewForei

17、gn Agricultural ServicewMay 2005w The continued strength of North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)markets has been one of the brightest spots for U.S.farmers,agricultural exporters,and the industries that support them.Together,our NAFTA partners,Canada and Mexico,purchased$18.2 million worth of

18、agricultural products or 29.6 percent of total U.S.agricultural exports in 2004,up from 28.9 percent in 2003 and 20.8 percent in 1993.w wFarmers in the United States,Canada,and Mexico all benefit from NAFTA.w Two-way agricultural trade between the United States and Mexico increased 149 percent since

19、 1993(the year prior to NAFTA implementation),reaching$15.8 billion in 2004.Two-way trade increased 10.9 percent from 2003 to 2004.Two-way agricultural trade between the United States and Canada increased 112 percent since 1993 and 8 percent with respect to 2003 reaching$21.1 billion in 2004.w Since

20、 implementation of the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement,U.S.agricultural exports to Canada have nearly doubled.Canada is now the No.1 market for U.S.agricultural exports,which climbed from$5.3 billion in 1993 to$9.3 billion in 2003 and on to$9.7 billion in 2004.w Since NAFTAs approval in 1993,U.S.ag

21、ricultural exports to Mexico have more than doubled.Mexico is now our second largest market,taking over that rank from Japan in 2004.In 1993,Mexico took$3.6 billion worth of U.S.agricultural products compared to$7.9 billion in 2003 and$8.5 billion in 2004.III.China and ASEAN1.ASEAN:fact filewthe Ass

22、ociation of Southeast Asian Nations ten countries:Brunei（文莱）（文莱）,Indonesia,Malaysia,Myanmar（缅甸）（缅甸）,Singapore,Thailand,the Philippines,Viet Nam,Laos and Cambodia established:on 8 August 1967 w in Bangkok population:about 500 million area:4.5 million square kilometers GDP:US$737 billion trade:US$720

23、billion.objectives:w(1)to accelerate the economic growth,w social progress and cultural w development in the region w to accelerate the economic growth,social progress and cultural development in the region through joint endeavours in the spirit of equality and partnership in order to strengthen the

24、 foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian nations,w(2)to promote regional peace and w stability wto promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries in the region and adherence to the princip

25、les of the United Nations Charter.2.Agreements between China and ASEAN 1)Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation signed the agreement on November 4,2002 desiring to establish a free trade area(CAFTA)and complete it within 10 years w2)Agreement on Trade in Gods of Framework Agreemen

26、t on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between ASEAN and China signed on November 19,2004w3)Agreement on dispute Settlement Mechanism signed on November 19,2004w4)ASEAN-China Plan of Action to Implement the Join Declaration on Strategic Partnership for Peace and Prosperity signed in November 2004 w

27、5)The Memorandum of Understanding between the Governments of the Member Countries of ASEAN and China on Transport Co-operation Signed in November 20043.China and ASEAN ASEAN:Chinas fifth largest trade partner for 11 consecutive year 2004:the first ten months:trade volumes:US$84.61billion,up 35.2%ove

28、r the same period of last year.China and ASEAN Free Trade Area CAFTAw Consumers:1.7billionw GDP:US$1.8 trillionw (Chinas GDP 2004:w 13,651.5billion yuan w about$1706.375b,$1.706 trillion)w Trade volume:US$1.2 trillion w (Chinas total value of imp&exp 2004:w$1,154.8 billion)ASEANs export to China:48%

29、Chinas export to ASEAN:55%By 2010,the tariff level:0 to 5%IV.Regional Economic integration in Europethe European flagw the European flagw It is the symbol not only of the w European Union but also of w Europes unity and identity in a w wider sense.The circle of gold stars represents solidarity and h

30、armony between the peoples of Europe.w The number of stars has nothing to do with the number of Member States.There are twelve stars because the number twelve is traditionally the symbol of perfection,completeness and unity.The flag therefore remains unchanged regardless of EU enlargements.w www.eur

31、opa.eu.int/abcw This is the anthem not only of w the European Union but also w of Europe in a wider sense.w The melody comes from the w Ninth Symphony composed w in 1823 by Ludwig Van Beethoven.w For the final movement of this symphony,Beethoven set to music the Ode to Joy written in 1785 by Friedri

32、ch von Schiller.This poem expresses Schillers idealistic vision of the human race becoming brothers-a vision Beethoven shared.the 9th of May:Europe Day wOn the 9th of May 1950,Robert Schuman presented his proposal on the creation of an organised Europe,indispensable to the maintenance of peaceful re

33、lations.This proposal,known as the Schuman declaration,is considered to be the beginning of the creation of what is now the European Union.wToday,the 9th of May has become a European symbol(Europe Day)which,along with the flag,the anthem,the motto and the single currency(the euro),identifies the pol

34、itical entity of the European Union.Europe Day is the occasion for activities and festivities that bring Europe closer to its citizens and peoples of the Union closer to one another.Poster Galleryw 2005 2004w 2003 2002w 2001 2000w 1999 1998w 1997 1996“United in diversity”:the mottow“United in divers

35、ity”is the motto of the European United in diversity”is the motto of the European Union.It first came into use around the year 2000 and Union.It first came into use around the year 2000 and was for the first time officially mentioned in the was for the first time officially mentioned in the Treaty T

36、reaty establishing a constitution for Europeestablishing a constitution for Europe,which was,which was signed in 2004.Article I-8 says which are the symbols signed in 2004.Article I-8 says which are the symbols of the EU.The motto means that,via the EU,of the EU.The motto means that,via the EU,Europ

37、eans are united in working together for peace and Europeans are united in working together for peace and prosperityprosperity,and that,and that the many different cultures,the many different cultures,traditions and languages in Europe are a positive asset traditions and languages in Europe are a pos

38、itive asset for the continentfor the continent.European Union Member StateswAustria Belgium Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Poland Portugal Slovakia Slovenia w Spain Sweden wThe Netherlands United KingdomwBul

39、garia Romania (2007)wSince its foundation nearly 50 years ago,the EU has been a magnet,attracting a constant stream of new members,culminating in its historic and successful expansion from 15 to 25 in May 2004.Two more countries,Bulgaria and Romania,entered in 2007.wNow the EU embraces 27 countries

40、and 490 million people wEU countries using the euro:Belgium,Germany,Greece,Spain,France,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,the Netherlands,Austria,Portugal,Finland and Slovenia.EU countries not using the euro:Bulgaria,Czech Republic,Denmark,Estonia,Cyprus,Latvia,Lithuania,Hungary,Malta,Poland,Romania,Sweden a

41、nd the United Kingdom.Size and PopulationwThe European Union of 15 countries(until May 2004)covers an area roughly one third the size of the United States.Its population is the worlds third largest after China and India,and accounts for some 6%of the total world population.wBirth rates in the EU are

42、 falling and Europeans are living longer.These trends have important implications for the future.w1.Evolution of European Union1)Why EU:political factors p.298 -devastation of two world wars -desire on the world stage -benefits from integration2)evolution -European Coal and Steel Community 1951-Euro

43、pean community 1957 (Treaty of Rome,common market)-European Union 1994 2.Political Structure of the EUwFour main institutions p.300 1)European Commission for legislation:making laws and implementing laws European Commission in trade issue:making competition policy:Mergers and acquisition should not

44、create a dominant enterprise with substantial market power.no monopoly e.g.:Time Warner of the US and EMI of the UK2)The Council of the European Union -controlling authority,p.300 -approving laws made by European Commission -majority voting rules on issues -unanimity(all agree completely)for laws -v

45、otes related to the size of the country 3)the European Parliament -consultative body p.301 -debating legislation -voting on commissioners -veto(refuse)some laws 4)the Court of Justice p.301 -Supreme appeals court (highest law court)-judges are independent officials 3.Single European Act1)Background

46、p.301 European community:not good enough2)Objective single market:lowering the costs of doing business4.Benefits of the Euro p.3041)Savings from handling one currency2)Easier to compare prices across Europe3)Increasing competition:producers have to reduce costs4)Development of pan-European capital m

47、arket50 increasing the range of investment options V.Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC)1.Introduction p.282w1)status:w APEC:the premier forum for facilitating economic growth,cooperation,trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region.non-binding commitments and no treaty obligations wAPEC is t

48、he only inter governmental grouping in the world operating on the basis of non-binding commitments,open dialogue and equal respect for the views of all participants.Unlike the WTO or other multilateral trade bodies,APEC has no treaty obligations required of its participants.Decisions made within APE

49、C are reached by consensus and commitments are undertaken on a voluntary basis.2)21 members(December 2004)referred to as Member Economies Australia;Brunei Darussalam;Canada;Chile;Peoples Republic of China;Hong Kong,China;Indonesia;Japan;Republic of Korea;Malaysia;Mexico;New Zealand;Papua New Guinea;

50、Peru;The Republic of the Philippines;The Russian Federation;Singapore;Chinese Taipei;Thailand;United States of America;Viet Nam.2)GDP:approximately 60%of world (US$19,254 billion)3)World trade:40%4)the most economically dynamic region:generated nearly 70%of global economic growth in its first 10 yea