品质管理与管制课件.ppt
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1、品質管理與管制品質管理與管制1nTaguchi loss functionnOptimizing reliability1品質管理與管制品質管理與管制2Design optimization includes setting proper tolerances to ensure maximum product performance and making designs robust,that is,insensitive to variations in manufacturing or the use environment.2品質管理與管制品質管理與管制3n田口假設損失可用一種平方函數
2、來估算,使得偏離目標值越遠相當於損失越大。n損失函數表示為:品質管理與管制品質管理與管制44loss lossno loss nominaltolerancelosslossTraditional ViewTaguchis View品質管理與管制品質管理與管制5Loss function:L(x)=k(x-T)2Example:Specification=.500 .020.Failure outside of the tolerance range costs$50 to repair.Thus,50=k(.020)2.Solving for k yields k=125,000.The l
3、oss function is:L(x)=125,000(x-.500)2Expected loss=k(2+D2)where D is the deviation from the target.5品質管理與管制品質管理與管制6品質管理與管制品質管理與管制7總成本不一致成本品質保證成本品質“最佳水準”100%品質管理與管制品質管理與管制8總成本不一致成本品質保證成本100%品質管理與管制品質管理與管制9nStandardizationnRedundancynPhysics of failure9品質管理與管制品質管理與管制10nReliability testingnMeasurement
4、systems evaluationnProcess capability evaluation品質管理與管制品質管理與管制11Design verification is necessary to ensure that designs will meet customer requirements and can be produced to specifications.品質管理與管制品質管理與管制12nLife testingnAccelerated life testingnEnvironmental testingnVibration and shock testingnBurn-
5、in(component stress testing)品質管理與管制品質管理與管制13nWhenever variation is observed in measurements,some portion is due to measurement system error.Some errors are systematic(called bias);others are random.The size of the errors relative to the measurement value can significantly affect the quality of the d
6、ata and resulting decisions.品質管理與管制品質管理與管制14n準確度(準確度(Accuracy):):定義為觀測值接近已接受參考值或標準的一致性。n精密度(精密度(Precision):):定義為隨機選取個別量度或結果之間的一致程度。品質管理與管制品質管理與管制15品質管理與管制品質管理與管制16n1.選出m個操作員和n個零件,一般來說至少選2個操作員和10個零件。要讓操作員看不到零件編號。n2.校準測量儀器。n3.讓每個操作員以隨機的次序測量各零件,並記錄結果。針對總共r次試驗重複此程序;但必須要試驗兩次以上。n4.計算每個操作員的平均測量值,以及最大和最小平均值
7、的差異。n5.計算各零件和各操作員的全距:這些值,顯示同一個操作員重複測量同一個零件的變異性。接下來,計算各操作員的平均全距:n計算整體平均全距。n6.計算個別全距 的管制界限。品質管理與管制品質管理與管制17nRepeatability(equipment variation)variation in multiple measurements by an individual using the same instrument.nReproducibility(operator variation)-variation in the same measuring instrument us
8、ed by different individuals品質管理與管制品質管理與管制18nQuantify and evaluate the capability of a measurement systemSelect m operators and n partsCalibrate the measuring instrumentRandomly measure each part by each operator for r trialsCompute key statistics to quantify repeatability and reproducibility品質管理與管制品
9、質管理與管制19品質管理與管制品質管理與管制20nUnder 10%error-OKn10-30%error-may be OKnover 30%error-unacceptable品質管理與管制品質管理與管制21One of the most important functions of metrology is calibrationthe comparison of a measurement device or system having a known relation-ship to national standards against another device or syst
10、em whose relationship to national standards is unknown.品質管理與管制品質管理與管制22 品質管理與管制品質管理與管制23nThe range over which the natural variation of a process occurs as determined by the system of common causesnMeasured by the proportion of output that can be produced within design specifications品質管理與管制品質管理與管制24A
11、 highly capable process produces high volumes with few or no defectsWorld-class levels of process capability are measured by parts per million(ppm)defect levels 品質管理與管制品質管理與管制25Six SigmaA design program which emphasizes engineering(designing)parts so that they are highly capable 品質管理與管制品質管理與管制26Capa
12、bility StudiesTwo purposes to determine whether a process is capable1.To determine whether a process consistently results in products that meet specifications2.To determine whether a process is in need of monitoring 品質管理與管制品質管理與管制27nPeak performance studyHow a process performs under ideal conditions
13、nProcess characterization studyHow a process performs under actual operating conditions品質管理與管制品質管理與管制28nComponent variability studyRelative contribution of different sources of variation(e.g.,process factors,measurement system)品質管理與管制品質管理與管制29Process Capability Study1.Choose a representative machine
14、 or process2.Define the process conditions3.Select a representative operator4.Provide the right materials5.Specify the gauging or measurement method6.Record the measurements7.Construct a histogram and compute descriptive statistics:mean and standard deviation8.Compare results with specified toleranc
15、es品質管理與管制品質管理與管制30specificationspecificationspecificationspecificationnatural variationnatural variation(a)(b)natural variationnatural variation(c)(d)品質管理與管制品質管理與管制31Cp=USL-LSL 6Cpl,Cpu USL-m 3Cpl=m-LSL 3Cpk=minCpu=品質管理與管制品質管理與管制32Non-centered process(general case):choose cpk=the lower of:Upper Spec
16、 Limit Process Mean cpu=-or 3 Process Mean Lower Spec Limit cpl=-3 品質管理與管制品質管理與管制33nSpecificationNominal(target)dimension:30 mmTolerance:+1 mm,-0.5 mmn Process standard deviation:0.25 31 30 30 29.5cpu=-=1.33 cpl=-=0.67 3(0.25)3(0.25)and therefore Cpk=0.67品質管理與管制品質管理與管制34Centered process(special case
17、):specification width cp=-process width Upper Spec Limit Lower Spec Limit =-6 品質管理與管制品質管理與管制35nSpecificationNominal(target)dimension:30 mmTolerance:1 mmn Process standard deviation:0.25 31 29 cp=-=1.33 6(0.25)品質管理與管制品質管理與管制36nProcess must be normally distributednProcess must be in controlnProcess ca
18、pability result:1.00=not capable 1.33=capable and acceptable(generally)2.00=capable and acceptable(6)5 or 10 is“overkill”,excessive resource useSJSU Bus.142 David A.Bentley 0/24/06品質管理與管制品質管理與管制37品質管理與管制品質管理與管制38nProcess capability(Cp or Cpk)Measure of variability against design specificationsSpecs
19、set by customer or design engineerSpec width:USL&LSL(or UTL<L)nStatistical process control(SPC)Measure of variability against control limitsControl limits calculated from sample dataUCL and LCL品質管理與管制品質管理與管制39ControlCapability CapableNot Capable In Control Out of ControlIDEALTHE MANAGEMENT AND CON
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