对口高职英语总复习时态和语态教学文稿课件.ppt

1、英语英语对口升学总复习对口升学总复习PART01考点解读、分析解读考点内容解读四川省近五年对口升学考试统计(题号)201320142015 2016 2017各种时态的辨析一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时和现在完成进行时的结构表达1310144996主动语态和被动语态的结构表达被动语态的一些特殊用法，少量情态动词的被动语态31214101011时间与条件状语从句中谓语动词的用法谓语动词时态的用法-10-5从四川省近五年对口升学考试统计来看，动词的时态及语态一直是考查的重点。在单项选择题中每年考查的试题不少于两道，语态常和时态结合在一

2、起考查，书面表达的评分标准对时态和语态的使用也有明确要求。预计今后的试题中，结合语境间的时态、语态、词汇类题目，及时态与语态辨析，不同时态与语态的不同表达，什么情况下遵循“主将从现”原则等仍是试题中的重头戏。PART02知识要点一、动词的时态1.时态概述时态是一种语法范畴，用以表示行为、动作在不同时间里发生或存在的状态。它是“时”和“式”的组合。“时”表示动作或状态存在的时间，有现在、过去、将来和过去将来之分；“式”表示动作或状态的表现方式，有一般、进行、完成和完成进行之分。每一种“时”和“式”的结合就构成一种时态，所以英语动词有16种时态。中等职业学校英语教学大纲只要求掌握常见的8种：一般现

3、在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。重点考查前五种。2.各种时态的否定式(1)否定式一般为“系动词/助动词/情态动词not”。(2)一般现在时和一般过去时本身不含助动词，所以要借助助动词do,does和did来构成否定式。一般现在时的否定式为“主语do/doesnot动词原形”；一般过去时的否定式为“主语didnot动词原形”。如：Shedoes/didnotunderstand.她不明白。Theydo/didnotunderstand.他们不明白。3.各种时态的疑问式(1)疑问式一般为“助动词主语其余部分”。(2)与否定式一样，一般现在时

4、和一般过去时本身不含助动词，所以要借助助动词do,does和did来构成疑问式。一般现在时的疑问式为“Do/Does主语动词原形其他部分”；一般过去时的疑问式为“Did主语动词原形其他部分”。如：Does/Didsheunderstand?她明白吗？Do/Didtheyunderstand?他们明白吗？4.各种时态的用法(1)一般现在时构成：用动词原形表示，主语为第三人称单数时，一般在动词原形后加s或es。动词的具体变化规则见下表。动词形式规则例词一般情况加senjoys,speaks,wants以s,x,ch,sh,o结尾加espasses,fixes,teaches,wishes,does

5、以“辅音字母y”结尾变y为i，再加escries,studies,worries用法a.表示经常发生的动作、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。这类句子常用的时间状语的副词有often,usually,asusual,sometimes,everyday,always,onceaweek等。如：Iusuallygotobedatnine.我通常9点钟睡觉。Hewritestohisparentsonceamonth.他每月给父母写一封信。b.表示目前的特征、性格、个性和能力等。如：Sheisateacher.她是一名老师。Helikesclassicalmusic.他喜欢古典音乐。Canyoudrive

6、?你会开车吗？c.表示永恒的真理、定理、定律、格言和客观事实。如：Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球围绕太阳转。Lighttravelsfasterthansound.光比声音传得快。Labourcreatesman.劳动创造人类。d.here,there,up,out,in,often,away等词放在句首构成倒装句，表示现在正在进行的动作或状态，均用一般现在时。如：Therecomesthebus!Hurryup!快点！车来了！Hereweare.我们到了。Theregoesabell!Letsgotoclass.铃声响了，咱们上课去吧。e.在时间和条件状语从句中，主

7、句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时。如：Hewillcallyouifhefinisheshiswork.他完成了工作就会给你打电话。Illbeginthedictationwhenyouareready.你们准备好了我就开始听写。f.时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目、课程表等按规定将要发生的动作，用一般现在时，只限于go,arrive,leave,start,stay,return,begin,come等动词。如：SchoolbeginsonFebruary5th.学校于2月5日开学。Theplanetakesoffat15：05.飞机15：05起飞。Themeetingisatninetomorr

8、owmorning.会议明天上午9点开始。g.宣布、声明、报道某事或介绍书籍、电影、戏剧、比赛等情节时，用一般现在时。如：NowwebegintostudyLesson3.现在我们开始学第三课。JohnpassestheballtoTom.Tomtakesitforward.Oh,heshoots.约翰把球传给汤姆，汤姆往前带球。噢，他射门了。(2)一般过去时构成：用动词的过去式表示。规则动词的过去式是在动词原形后加ed或d，不规则动词的过去式有其特殊形式。动词的具体变化规则见下表：用法a.表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。一般过去时的时间状语有ago,yesterday,two da

9、ys ago,last week,in 1566,the day before yesterday,the other day,just now,once upon a time和when等连词引导的时间状语。如：动词形式规则例词一般情况加edworked,talked,looked以不发音字母e结尾加dloved,decided以“辅音字母y”结尾变y为i，再加edstudied,worried,cried以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词双写词尾加edstopped,planned,pattedLei Feng did a lot of good deeds for others in hi

10、s life.雷锋在他一生中为别人做了很多好事。Once upon a time,there lived an old man called Jack in the small village.从前有一个叫杰克的老人住在这个小村子里。Last month I bought a new computer.上个月我买了一台新电脑。Where is our monitor?我们的班长在哪儿？He was here just now.他刚才还在这儿。The man went to the town,bought some fruit and visited his old friends.那个人进城了

11、，买了一些水果，拜访了他的老朋友。b.表示过去经常发生的或习惯性的动作。如：Their children often went hungry in the old days.在旧社会，他们的孩子经常挨饿。When I was in the country,I often went swimming in a river near my house.在乡下的时候，我经常在家附近的河里游泳。He used to smoke.他过去经常抽烟。Whenever he had a chance,our teacher would have a talk with us.我们老师一有机会就和我们谈心。Du

12、ring his middle school years,he played football nearly every day.他在中学时代几乎天天踢足球。(3)现在进行时构成：am/is/are现在分词。现在分词的构成规则见下表。动词形式规则例词一般情况加ingdoing,speaking,saying以不发音字母e结尾去e加ingskating,coming,having以重读闭音节结尾，末尾是一个辅音字母，它的前面是单个元音字母将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加ingswimming,getting,shopping,cutting三个以ie结尾的词(lie,die,tie)变ie为y，再加i

13、nglying,dying,tying注：这个规则可简单记为“直、去、双、变”。用法a.表示说话时或某个时间点、时间段正在进行或发生的动作。如：Look,how fast he is running!看！他跑得好快！I dont like to be interrupted when I am speaking.我说话时不喜欢被打扰。Do be quiet!Im trying to hear what the man is saying.请安静！我正尽力听这个男人说话。Look at John!What is he doing?看看约翰，他正在干什么？They are planting tre

14、es these days.这段时间他们在植树。He is translating a book.他正在翻译一本书。b.be always doing,be forever doing,be continually doing,be constantly doing等可以用来表示说话人的某种感情，如批评或赞美。如：He is always considering how he can do more for others.他总是在考虑怎样为他人多做事。You are always forgetting such important things.你老是忘记那么重要的事情。She is alwa

15、ys finding fault with others.她总是挑别人的毛病。My wife is forever criticizing me.我的妻子老是批评我。c.表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常用的动词有arrive,come,go,leave,stay,start等。如：We are starting for Shanghai tonight.我们今晚出发去上海。The train is arriving soon.火车就要到了。He is coming back tomorrow.他明天回来。d.进行时态的特殊用法：表示“渐渐”。如：He is beginning to unde

16、rstand that he did wrong to his elder sister.他渐渐开始明白他冤枉了姐姐。Many old customs are gradually dying out.一些古老的传统风俗正渐渐地消失。注：有些动词一般不用进行时态。a.表示状态的动词，尤其是静态动词。如：be,have等。b.表示认知、知觉和情感的动词。如：know,think,hear,find,see,like,wish,prefer等。(4)过去进行时构成：was/were现在分词。用法a.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作或状态，常与时间状语at this time,at that

17、 time,at that moment,at ten oclock,yesterday evening等连用。如：At that time,they were working in a factory.那时他们正在工厂上班。What were you doing at seven yesterday evening?昨天晚上7点你们正在干什么？The little boy was making a face when the teacher came into the classroom.老师进教室时小男孩正在做鬼脸。b.when引导的从句表示一个短暂的时间点，用一般过去时；while引导的

18、从句表示一段持续的时间，用过去进行时。如：While my father was reading newspapers,my mother was doing some sewing.爸爸读报时，妈妈在缝衣服。I was writing a letter when he came in.他进来时我正在写信。c.用过去进行时表示过去某一动作延续较长时间。如：They were having a meeting from 2：00 to 4：00 yesterday afternoon.昨天下午2点到4点他们在开会。He was coughing the whole night.整个晚上他一直咳嗽

19、。(5)一般将来时构成：will(用于所有人称)动词原形，shall(用于第一人称)动词原形，am/is/are going to动词原形，am/is/are to动词原形，am/is/are about to动词原形。用法a.表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow,next time,next year,in a day or two,in a few weeks等连用。如：I shall be twenty years old next year.明年我就20岁了。The train will arrive soon.火车要到了。You will feel

20、better if you take the medicine.你服了药就会感觉好多了。b.“be going to动词原形”多用于口语中的所有人称，含有“计划、打算、准备、即将做某事”的意思，或表示很有可能要发生某事。如：Mr.Green is going to buy a new car.格林先生打算买一辆新车。There is going to be a wonderful film in our school tonight.今晚我们学校将有一场精彩的电影。c.“be about to动词原形”表示“正要做某事，即将做某事”，不可与表示具体的将来时间副词连用。如：The meeting

21、 is about to begin.会议就要开始了。He is about to start on a journey.他快要去旅行了。d.“be to动词原形”表示“约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要发生或命令做某事”。如：We are to take care of all these children.我们必须照看这些孩子。The door is not to be opened.不准打开这扇门。注：be going to和will的含义和用法略有不同。be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算，或者有某种迹象要发生某事；will多表示意愿、决心以及不以人的意志为转移会发生某事。如

22、：Look at the black clouds in the sky.It is going to rain heavily.快看空中的乌云，要下大雨了。I will be 18 years old next year.明年我18岁。(6)过去将来时构成：would/should动词原形，was/were going to动词原形，was/were about to动词原形，was/were to动词原形。用法a.表示从过去某时看将来要发生的事情和状况，主要用于宾语从句中。如：He said he would give the book to me the next week.他说下周将书

23、还给我。Mr.Li told me that he would begin to write the book soon.李先生告诉我说他很快就要写那本书了。She said she wouldnt borrow money for him.她说她不会为他借钱。b.表示过去习惯性的动作，所有人称都用would。如：Every evening after supper,he would go out for a walk along the bank of the river.每天晚饭后，他都要沿着河岸散步。c.其他用法：was/were going to动词原形，was/were about

24、to动词原形，was/were to动词原形，主要强调过去曾经打算或计划要做某事。如：He said he was going to buy a new bike.他说打算买一辆新自行车。He said he was to finish the work in a week.他说打算一星期后完成这项工作。I was about to go out when the telephone rang.我正要出去的时候电话铃响了。(7)现在完成时构成：have/has过去分词。规则动词的过去分词与过去式一样，但不规则动词的过去分词与过去式有时不一样。用法a.表示过去某时的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常

25、与recently,already,ever,never,yet,just,once,before等副词连用。如：I have already read the novel.我已经读了这篇小说。The teacher has gone to the classroom.老师已经去了教室。I have cleaned the office.我已经打扫了办公室。b.表示动作过去已经开始，一直延续到现在，甚至有可能继续延续下去。常常与for,since等引导的时间状语连用。如：He has taught French for 5 years.他已经教了5年的法语。We have lived in W

26、uhan since 1994.自从1994年以来，我们就住在武汉。Uncle Wang has worked in the factory for over 6 years.王叔叔已经在这个工厂工作六年多了。Its the first time that he has arrived late this week.这周他是第一次迟到。c.现在完成时态除了能与具体的时间状语连用以外，还可以和already(已经),never(从来不),ever(曾经),just(刚刚，刚才),before(以前),yet(已经)等不明确指出时间的副词连用。如：Have you ever read the bo

27、ok?你曾经读过这本书吗？Ive just lost my science book.我刚刚丢了我的科学书。Ive never seen him before.我从来没有见过他。I havent been to the Great Wall yet.我还没有去过长城。d.在延续性时间作状语的肯定句中，现在完成时态的谓语动词必须是延续性动词，常见的短暂性动词有come,go,stop,join,die,become,arrive,reach,begin,start,leave,receive,buy,borrow,put,open,fall,get up,close等，它们的完成时不能与for,

28、since等开头表示一段时间的状语连用，但其否定式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：He has died for several months.()He has been dead for several months.()他已死了几个月了。The film has begun for half an hour.()The film has been on for half an hour.()电影已经开始半个小时了。He has come to the city for seven years.()He has been in the city for seven years.()他来这个

29、城市有七年了。He has left Shanghai for a week.()He has been away from Shanghai for a week.()他离开上海有一周了。He has joined the Party for 5 years.()He has been in the Party for 5 years.()He has been a Party member for 5 years.()It is 5 years since he joined the Party.()他入党有5年了。I have bought the car for 2 years.()I

30、 have had/kept the car for 2 years.()我买这辆车有两年了。John has borrowed the book for 2 weeks.()John has had/kept the book for 2 weeks.()约翰借这本书有两周了。I havent got his letters for six months.我有六个月没有收到他的来信了。He hasnt returned since 2010.他自2010年以来就没有回来过。e.have/has been to去过(简记为“人去已归”)；have/has gone to到去了(简记为“人去未归

31、”)；have/has been in来/到/在某地多长时间。如：Have you ever been to Xian?你去过西安吗？He has gone to Beijing.他已经去了北京。I have ever been to the Summer Palace.我曾经去过颐和园。The Lius have gone to Chengdu.老刘一家人已经去了成都。He has been in Beijing for three years.他已经在北京待了三年。He has ever been to Beijing twice.他曾经去过北京两次。Since 2007,Miss Zho

32、u has been in the city.自2007年以来，周小姐就一直待在这个城市。Miss Zhou has been to the school twice.周小姐曾经两次到过这所学校。f.“It is/has been一段时间since过去时态的句子”表示“自从以来已经多长时间了”。如：Its five years since he smoked.他戒烟有五年了。Its five years since he left.他离开有五年了。(8)过去完成时构成：had过去分词。表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束。在过去某一时间之前的动作即“过去的过去”，可图示为用

33、法a.宾语从句中如果主句用过去时，而从句的谓语动作发生在主句的谓语动作之前，则从句要用过去完成时。如：He told me he had read the book before three days.他告诉我他三天前就已读完这本书了。He said he had borrowed an English book for you.他说他已经借了一本英语书给你。b.与by,before等引导的时间状语连用。如：By three oclock yesterday afternoon we had finished the work.昨天下午3点钟前我们已经完成了工作。c.用于when,before

34、,after,until等引导的状语从句中。如：The train had already left when I got to the station.我赶到车站时，火车已经开走了。How long had Mr.Wang taught in the middle school before he came here?王老师来这里之前，在中学教了多长时间？She had visited China twice before she came this year.她今年来之前来过中国两次。d.scarcely.when.,hardly.when.,no sooner.than.引导句子时，sc

35、arcely,hardly,no sooner等所处的主句用过去完成时，而引导的从句用一般过去时。如：He had scarcely sat down when the light went out.他刚一坐下，灯就突然灭了。No sooner had we got home than it began to rain.我们刚到家天就开始下雨了。e.在很多情况下，没有明显的时间状语时，就只能通过上下文来表示。如：I lost the book which I had borrowed from the library.我弄丢了从图书馆里借的那本书。He thought he had seen

36、the film.他认为他曾经看过那部电影。(9)现在完成进行时构成：have/hasbeen现在分词。用法：表示动作从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在，且有可能延续到将来。如：We have been waiting for the bus for half an hour,but it has not come yet.我们等了半个小时的车，但它还没有来。It has been snowing for two days,and the roads will be blocked soon if it doesnt stop.雪已经下了两天了，如果还不停的话，公路不久将会被封锁。Why are

37、 you crying?你为什么哭？Because I have been cutting up onions.因为我一直在切洋葱。二、动词的语态二、动词的语态语态是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语中，动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，表示句子中的主语是动作的承受者，因此所有的被动语态中的动词都必须是及物动词，而不及物动词不能用于被动语态。中职英语主要考查一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时三种时态的被动语态及少量情态动词的被动语态。1.被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be及物动

38、词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。几种常用时态的被动形式见下表(以动词do为例)。时态构成例句一般现在时am/is/aredoneOurteachersarerespectedbyus.一般过去时was/weredoneThebicyclewasborrowedbyLucyyesterday.一般将来时will/shallbedoneHewillbebeatenbyme.现在完成时have/hasbeendoneTheyreallyhavebeenpoorlypaid.情态动词情态动词bedoneThebooksmaybekeptfortw

39、oweeks.注：谈到未曾想到的事故发生时或有in the end,at last等状语时，可用get done表被动。常用的有get hurt(受伤),get lost(迷路),get killed(被杀害),get broken(弄坏)等。如：In the end,he got caught.最后他被逮到了。2.主动语态转化为被动语态(见下表)(1)主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。(2)主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态结构变为被动语态结构。(3)主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，构成介词短语，放在谓语动词之后作状语(含义明确时，by短语可以省略)。如：We will send the old

40、 man to hospital this afternoon.(主动)The old man will be sent to hospital this afternoon.(被动)我们今天下午要送老人去医院。主动语态主语(动作执行者)谓语(及物动词)宾语(动作承受者)被动语态主语(动作承受者)谓语(be过去分词)宾语(动作执行者)3.通常使用被动语态的几种情况(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。如：We were asked to help him.我们被要求帮助他。Paper was first invented in China.纸是中国首先发明的。(2)

41、需要强调动作的承受者时。如：His work was stopped for a time by the First World War.他的工作因第一次世界大战停止了一段时间。Several computer rooms have been set up in our school this year.今年我们学校又建了几间微机室。(3)为了使语气婉转或由于修辞的需要。如：You are expected to come and its sure that you will be warmly welcomed by all the teenagers.你应该来的，而且你肯定会受到青少年的热

42、烈欢迎。4.使用被动语态应注意的问题(1)动词短语变被动语态时，要注意保持动词短语的完整性，动词后面原有的介词或副词切不可遗漏。如：She often refers to this factory.(主动)This factory is often referred to by her.(被动)她常常提到这个工厂。The boy picked up those flowers.(主动)Those flowers were picked up by the boy.(被动)男孩捡起了那些花。(2)动词want,need,require,deserve后用动名词表被动。如：The window w

43、ants/requires repairing.窗户需要修补了。(3)固定的表达法：be stuck,be blocked,be caught等。如：The bus was stuck in the snow yesterday.昨天公共汽车被困在雪中了。The road was blocked.公路被封锁了。The man was caught in the storm.那人被困在暴风雨中。(4)在带有主语从句的复合句中，常以it作形式主语，把主语从句后置，其结构为“Itbe过去分词that从句”。如：It is said that.据说It is considered that.据认为It

44、 is thought that.据认为 It is reported that.据报道It is suggested that.据建议It is known that football is a popular sport.众所周知，足球是一项流行的运动。It is said that they will help us next week.据说下周他们要帮助我们。(5)常见的不用被动语态的动词及短语：belong to(属于),break out(爆发),happen(发生),appear(出现),last(延长),take place(发生),cost(花费),burst out(迸发)

45、,let(让，使)等。如：This bike belongs to my sister.这辆自行车是我妹妹的。The war broke out in 1937.战争爆发于1937年。The story took place in this city.这个故事发生在这座城市。The meeting lasted for two hours.会议持续了两小时。The coat cost me 120 yuan.这件外套花了我120元。(6)taste,feel,look,smell,sound,seem,remain,appear,keep,become,grow,get,go,turn等系动词

46、不用被动语态，其后加形容词，表示一个物体的状态和性质。如：Good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。Cotton feels soft.棉花摸起来很软。The man looks sad.那个人看起来很难过。(7)一些及物动词也可以充当不及物动词，表示某一种状态，所以不能用被动语态。如：These newspapers sell well.这些报纸卖得很好。The ball pen writes well.这支圆珠笔好写。This shoes dont fit me.这双鞋子不适合我。(8)放在形容词和副词后的不定式作状语不能用被动语态。如：Physics is har

47、d to learn.物理很难学。The problem is easy to work out.这个问题很容易解决。The question asked by him is hard to answer.他问的问题很难回答。(9)be worth doing用主动形式表被动。如：The book is well worth reading.这本书很值得读。PART03典例解析()1.(2013年对口升学考试)Haveyoufoundyourwatch?No,I_itnow.A.foundB.amfindingC.amlookingforD.islookingfor【点拨】lookfor强调动

48、作；根据句意可知用现在进行时。()2.(2014年对口升学考试)Doyouknowourtown?No.ThisisthefirsttimeI_here.A.amcomingB.cameC.havebeenD.was【点拨】表示到现在为止的次数要用现在完成时。CC()3.(2015年对口升学考试)Dontworry.You_plentyoftimetodoit.A.willgiveB.havegivenC.willbegivenD.aregiving【点拨】本题考查时态和语态。句意：“不要担心，将会给你充足的时间。”根据句意可知要用将来时的被动语态。()4.(2016年对口升学考试)Maryh

49、asgonetoAmericatovisitheraunt.Oh,really?Doyouknowwhenshe_?A.leavesB.hasleft C.willleaveD.left【点拨】leave是短暂性动词，不能用现在完成时。根据句意，玛丽已经去了美国，可知要用过去时。CD()5.(2017年对口升学考试)Lizisexcited.She_toJapanwithherMom.A.hasgoneB.goesC.isgoing D.isgone【点拨】根据句意，可知要用一般将来时。()6.(2017年对口升学考试)Pets_inthispark.A.allowB.areallowingC

50、.areallowedD.aretoallow【点拨】句意：“宠物可以进入这个公园。”根据句意可知要用被动语态。CCPART04同步精练()1.WhenIsawMary,she_thepiano.isplayingB.playsC.wasplayingD.played【解析】句意：“我看见玛丽时，她正在弹钢琴。”根据句意可知要用过去进行时。故选C。()2.She_thedoorbeforeshegoesaway.A.hadlockedB.islockingC.haslockedD.waslocking【解析】句意：“他离开之前锁了门。”根据句意可知要用现在完成时。故选C。CC()3.Ahunt