句子成分和基本句型的讲解-资料课件.ppt

1、2023-1-2912023-1-2922023-1-293什么是句子？什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须一个字母必须大写大写，结尾要有，结尾要有？！I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is!2023-1-294现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）

2、、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。句子包括哪些成分？句子包括哪些成分？2023-1-295 主语：主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首句充当它的位置一般在句首The girl is beautiful.They are good friends.To see is t

3、o believe.Reading is useful.What he said is right.2023-1-296谓语：谓语：谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成简单动词或者动词短语构成They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.2023-1-297表语：表语：表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动

4、名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面I am a teacher.She is happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing.2023-1-298宾语宾语 宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后

5、She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good guy.2023-1-299宾语补足语宾语补足语 在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用 它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式

6、，现它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当在分词和过去分词充当 If you let me go,Ill make you king.Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived.Make yourself at home.I saw him enter the hall.The boss keeps them working all day.I heard my name called.2023-1-2910状语状语 状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发

7、生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当也可由从句来充当He did it carefully.Without his help,we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.2023-1-2911定语定

8、语 定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语从句都可以充当定语 The black bike is mine.Whats your name?A broken vase.I have 5 books.A sleeping boy.They made paper flowers.The boy in the room is Jack.I have something to do.It is a swimming pool.2023-1-29122023-1-2

9、913种类种类类型类型主语主语S谓语谓语动词动词v表语表语/宾宾语语p宾语宾语0宾补宾补oc第第1种种S+VWework第第种种He playsviolin.第第种种We arestudents第第种种S+v+IO+DO shegaveme a pen.第第种种S+V+O+OC He mademelaugh2023-1-2914基本句型基本句型 一：一：（主系表）（主系表）（是系动词）（是系动词）1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.The dinner smells good.午餐的气味很好。3.He fell in love.他

10、堕入了情网。4.Everything looks different.一切看来都不同了。5.He is growing tall and strong.他长得又高又壮6.The troubleis that they are short of money.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.Our well has gone dry.我们井干枯了。8.His face turned red.他的脸红了。2023-1-2915基本句型基本句型 二：二：（主谓）（主谓）主语主语：可以作主语的成分有名词名词（如boy），主格代词主格代词（如you），动词动词不定式不定式，动名词动名词等。主语一般在句首句首。注意

11、名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句副词、介词短语、状语从句等。（不及物动词）（不及物动词）1.The sun was shining.太阳在照耀着。2.The universe remains.宇宙长存。3.We all breathe,eat,and drink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4.Who cares?管它呢？5.W

12、hat he said does not matter.他所讲的没有什么关系。6.The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。2023-1-2916主语主语可有修饰语可有修饰语-定语定语，谓语谓语可有修饰语可有修饰语-状语状语。如如:1.The red sun rises in the east.2.So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4.She sat there alone,reading a novel.5.He came back wh

13、en we were eating.6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake,but strong ones may stay up.2023-1-2917巩固练习：巩固练习：1 1她昨天回家很晚。她昨天回家很晚。2 2会议将持续两个小时。会议将持续两个小时。3 3在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化.4 419191919年，在北京爆发了年，在北京爆发了“五五.四四”运动。运动。5 5每天八时开始上课。每天八时开始上课。2.The meeting will last two hours.3.G

14、reat changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.4.The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.5.Classes begin at eight every day.1.She went home very late yesterday evening.2023-1-2918巩固练习巩固练习：6 6这个重五公斤。这个重五公斤。7 7五年前我住在北京。五年前我住在北京。8 8秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。9 9我的爷爷早晨起得很早。我

15、的爷爷早晨起得很早。10.10.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。6.This box weighs five kilos.7.I lived in Beijing five years ago.8.In autumn,some birds fly to the south.9.My grandfather gets up early in the morning.10.Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.2023-1-2919基本句型基本句型 三：三：（主

16、谓宾）（主谓宾）构成宾语的代词必须是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格代词宾格，如：，如：me，him，them等等 （及物动词）（及物动词）1.Who knows the answer?谁知道答案？2.She smiled her thanks.她微笑表示感谢。3.He has refused to help them.他拒绝帮他们。4.He enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。5.They ate what was left over.他们吃了剩饭。6.He said Good morning.他说：早上好！7.I want to have a cup of tea.我想喝杯茶。8.He

17、admits that he was mistaken.他承认犯了错误。2023-1-2920巩固练习：巩固练习：1昨晚我写了一封信。昨晚我写了一封信。2今天下午我想同你谈谈。今天下午我想同你谈谈。3这本书他读过多次了。这本书他读过多次了。4他们成功地完成了计划。他们成功地完成了计划。5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。那位先生能流利地说三种语言。I wrote a letter last night.I want to talk with you this afternoon.He has read this book many times.They have carried out the pl

18、an successfully.That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.2023-1-2921巩固练习：巩固练习：6我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。7Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。还不会自己穿衣服。8我们大家都相信我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。是一个诚实男孩。9.他不知道说什麽好。他不知道说什麽好。10.我开窗户你在意吗？我开窗户你在意吗？I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia.Jim cannot dress himself.All

19、of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.He did not know what to say.Do you mind my opening the window?2023-1-2922基本句型 四：（主谓间宾直宾）（及物）（及物）（多指人）（多指人）（多指物）（多指物）1.She ordered herself a new dress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3.He brought you a dictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。4.H

20、e denies her nothing.他对她什么都不拒绝。5.I told him that the bus was late.我告诉他汽车晚点了。6.He showed me how to run the machine.他教我开机器。2023-1-2923但若要但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词（人），则要借助于介词to或或for。如：。如：He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.2023-1-2924用用to侧重指动作的方向

21、，表示侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着朝着，向着，对着某人。某人。用用for 侧重指动作的受益者，侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替表示为了某人，替某人某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等；等；（需借助（需借助for 的）的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。等。2023-1-2925巩固练习：巩

22、固练习：1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。先生去年教我们德语。2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3请把那本字典递给我好吗？请把那本字典递给我好吗？4他把车票给列车员看。他把车票给列车员看。Mr Johnson taught us German last year.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.Would you please pass me the dictionary?He showed the ticket to the conductor.2023-1-2926巩固练习：巩固练习：5

23、我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。Shall I call you a taxi?The new machine will save you a lot of labour.7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first months salary.2023-1-2927说明说明:此结构由此结构由“主语主语+及物的谓语动词及物的谓语动词+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语”构成。宾

24、语与宾语补足语之间有构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。则句意不够完整。The sun keeps us warm.I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut.基本句型基本句型 五：五：（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）2023-1-2928（及物）（及物）（宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补）名词/代词宾格+名词The war|made|him|a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词New methods|make|the job|

25、easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语I|often find|him|at work./我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式The teacher|ask|the students|to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词I|saw|a cat|running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.2023-1-2929 用用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构

26、方式。即：的句型结构方式。即：主语主语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正宾真正宾语语。如：。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.2023-1-2930 巩固练习：巩固练习：1我们叫她我们叫她Alice.2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。我们大家都认为他是诚实的。3他们把小偷释放了。他们把小偷释放了。4我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。5.卫兵命令我们立即离开。卫兵命令我们立即离开。6.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。7他每个月理一次发他每个月理一次发8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。我们不会让她在晚上外

27、出的。We call her Alice.All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free.I want you to tell me the truth.The guards ordered us to leave at once.Every morning we hear him read English aloud.He has his hair cut every month.We wont let her go out at night.2023-1-29319那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了

28、 10她正在听人家讲故事。她正在听人家讲故事。11我从来没看见这个字这样用过。我从来没看见这个字这样用过。12他感到很难跟你交谈。他感到很难跟你交谈。13我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。14学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。The terrible sound made the children frightened.She is listening to someone telling stories.I have never seen the word used that way before.He felt it

29、very difficult to talk with you.I consider it possible to work out the problemin another way.The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.2023-1-2932 英语基本句型英语基本句型6 There be 句型句型 说明：说明：此句型是由此句型是由“there+be+主语主语+状语状语”构成，构成，用以表达存在关系可以称用以表达存在关系可以称“有有”。它其实它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓

30、语动词是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用此句型有时不用be动词，而用动词，而用 live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等。如：等。如：There stands a hill in the middle of the park.Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.2023-1-2933 Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：态和

31、情态变化。如：现在有现在有 there is/are 过去有过去有 there was/were 将来有将来有 there will be；there is/are going to be.现在已经有现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有可能有 there might be.肯定有肯定有 there must be/there must have been.过去曾经有过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 20

32、23-1-2934巩固练习：巩固练习：1这个村子过去只有一口井。这个村子过去只有一口井。2客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。3天气预报说下午有大风。天气预报说下午有大风。4灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。5战前这儿一直有家电影院的战前这儿一直有家电影院的.There was only a well in the village.Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in

33、the afternoon.The light is on.There must be someone in the office.There used to be a cinema here before the war.2023-1-2935巩固练习：巩固练习：6恰好那时房里没人。恰好那时房里没人。7从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。8公共汽车来了。公共汽车来了。9就只剩下二十八美元了。就只剩下二十八美元了。10铃响了。铃响了。There happened to be nobody in the room.Once,there lived an

34、 old fisherman in a village by the sea.There comes the bus.There remained only twenty eight dollars.There goes the bell.2023-1-2936但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。我们称之为：定语、状语定语、状语2023-1-2937一、定语：汉语中常用的表示。通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：somethi

35、ng、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。形容词形容词作定语：作定语：The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。数词数词作定语相当于形容词：作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。代词或名词所有格代词或名词所有格作定语：作定语

36、：His boy needs Toms pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。2023-1-2938 介词短语介词短语作定语：作定语：The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。名词名词作定语：作定语：There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。副词副词作定语：作定语：The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需

37、要一支钢笔。不定式不定式作定语：作定语：There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。分词（短语）分词（短语）作定语：作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。定语定语从句：从句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。2023-1-2939二、状语：二、状语：状语修饰动

38、词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：1)通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；2)修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；3)表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；4)一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。2023-1-2940有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意.如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成男孩喊

39、教室里的女孩（此时in the classroom为girl的定语）;也可以理解为男孩在教室里喊女孩（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写做：In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.2023-1-2941 副词（短语副词（短语）作状语：作状语：The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）The boy really need

40、s a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）2023-1-2942 介词短语作状语介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)On Sundays,there is no student in th

41、e classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)分词（短语）作状语分词（短语）作状语：He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）不定式作目的状语不定式作目的状语：To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very in

42、terested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.名词名词作状语：Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语）2023-1-2943 状语从句：状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句 三、同位语三、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard./(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students./(all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们

43、）2023-1-2944四、独立成分：四、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes 否定词no 称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的 I think,I believe,等。如:The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。2023-1-2945 五、分词独立结构：

44、五、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致!否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。例：错句：Studying hard,your score will go up.正确：(1)Studying hard,you can make your score go up.或(2)If you study hard,your score will go up.解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score.显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）.正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致(同为you)

45、;正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了).分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过There being.的场合不能省略.如：Game(being)over,he went home.He stands there,book(being)in hand.独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。如：With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./无事可做，他很快就睡着了。The teacher came in,with g

46、lasses on his nose./老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）2023-1-2946 句子成分练习题句子成分练习题(一一)(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分，4分钟）The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework without the te

47、achers help is very difficult.2023-1-2947(二)选出句中谓语的中心词（10分，10分钟）I dont like the picture on the wall.A.dont B.like C.picture D.wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.get B.longer C.days D.summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus There will be a meeting at t

48、he library this afternoon.A.will be B.meeting C.the library D.afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B.twins C.have D.breakfast2023-1-2948 Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A.Tom B.didnt C.do D.his homework What I want to tell you is this.A.want B.to tell C.you D.is We had

49、 better send for a doctor.A.We B.had C.send D.doctor He is interested in music.A.is B.interested C.in D.music Whom did you give my book to?A.give B.did C.whom D.book2023-1-2949(三)挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟）My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.You must pay good attention

50、 to your pronunciation.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.They made him monitor of the class.Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.You will find it us