第二章项目选择课件.ppt
- 【下载声明】
1. 本站全部试题类文档,若标题没写含答案,则无答案;标题注明含答案的文档,主观题也可能无答案。请谨慎下单,一旦售出,不予退换。
2. 本站全部PPT文档均不含视频和音频,PPT中出现的音频或视频标识(或文字)仅表示流程,实际无音频或视频文件。请谨慎下单,一旦售出,不予退换。
3. 本页资料《第二章项目选择课件.ppt》由用户(晟晟文业)主动上传,其收益全归该用户。163文库仅提供信息存储空间,仅对该用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上传内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。 若此文所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知163文库(点击联系客服),我们立即给予删除!
4. 请根据预览情况,自愿下载本文。本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
5. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007及以上版本和PDF阅读器,压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 第二 项目 选择 课件
- 资源描述:
-
1、2023-2-6第二章项目选择第二章项目选择第二章项目选择第二章项目选择Project selection is the process of evaluating individual projects or groups of projects,and then choosing to implement some set of them so that the objectives of the parent organization will be achieved(项目选择项目选择是对单个或一组项目进行评估并选择实施对象从而实现母公司目标的是对单个或一组项目进行评估并选择实施对象从而
2、实现母公司目标的过程过程).This same systematic process can be applied to any area of the organizations business in which choices must be made between competing alternatives(在公司运营过程中,当需要在多个竞争性方案在公司运营过程中,当需要在多个竞争性方案之间进行选择的时候,也同样可以应用这种方法之间进行选择的时候,也同样可以应用这种方法).Choosing a number of projects,a portfolio,is even more
3、complex(选择选择一个项目组合,即多个不同的项目,甚至更加复杂一个项目组合,即多个不同的项目,甚至更加复杂).第二章项目选择一、项目选择的含义一、项目选择的含义 项目选择是指对单个或一组项目进行评项目选择是指对单个或一组项目进行评估并选择实施对象从而实现公司目标的估并选择实施对象从而实现公司目标的过程。过程。如:一家制造企业可以借助评估选择技如:一家制造企业可以借助评估选择技术确定在部件组装流程中使用哪一种设术确定在部件组装流程中使用哪一种设备;建筑公司可以在一组投标项目中作备;建筑公司可以在一组投标项目中作出最佳的选择等。出最佳的选择等。第二章项目选择PM is a key perso
4、n in project selection,particularly if a Request for proposal(RFP,项目建议书)was involved.In this chapter we discuss several techniques that can be used to help senior managers select projects.Project selection is only one of many decisions associated with project management.To deal with all of these pro
5、blems,we use decision-aiding models(决策辅助模型).This process of caving away the unwanted reality from the bones of a problem is called modeling the problem(从问题的实质中剔除不必要的因素的过程就称为问题模型化).In other words,the idealized version of the problem that results is called a model(对问题的理想化描述就是模型).The model represents t
6、he problems structure,its form.The model can be shown with many forms,such as graphs(曲线),analogies(类比),diagrams(图表),flow graph(流程图),network models(网络图),and symbolic(mathematical)models.The model may be quite simple to understand,or they may be extremely complex.第二章项目选择 在进行项目选择时,常使用决策模型在进行项目选择时,常使用决策
7、模型(decision-aiding model)(即项目选择模(即项目选择模型)。型)。模型可以简化问题,也可以展示问题结构模型可以简化问题,也可以展示问题结构(structure)。模型可能很容易理解,也可能非常复杂。模型可能很容易理解,也可能非常复杂。第二章项目选择二、项目选择模型的评估标准二、项目选择模型的评估标准 合理选择投资项目,对每一家企业都至关重要。合理选择投资项目,对每一家企业都至关重要。公司在选择项目模型的时候,应考虑下列标准:公司在选择项目模型的时候,应考虑下列标准:1、realism(实用性实用性).The model should reflect the realit
8、y of the managers decision situation,including the multiple objectives of both the firm and its managers.Without a common measurement system,direction comparison of different projects is impossible.For example,project A may strengthen a firms market share by extending its facilities,and project B mi
9、ght improve its competitive position by strengthening its technical staff.Other things being equal,which is better?The model should take into account the realities of the firms limitations on facilities,capital,personnel,etc.The model should also include factors that reflect project risks,including
10、the technical risks of performance,cost,and time as well as the market risks of customer rejection and other implementation risks.第二章项目选择 1、实用性。如:项目、实用性。如:项目A通过添置设备可通过添置设备可以增加企业的市场占有率,项目以增加企业的市场占有率,项目B通过增通过增加技术人员可以提高竞争地位,当其他加技术人员可以提高竞争地位,当其他条件相同时,哪个项目更好?(此时应条件相同时,哪个项目更好?(此时应充分考虑企业设备、资本、人力资源等充分考虑企业设备
11、、资本、人力资源等方面的局限综合考虑。)方面的局限综合考虑。)第二章项目选择 2、capability(功能性功能性).The model should be sophisticated enough to deal with multiple time periods,simulate various situations both internal and external to the project(e.g.,strikes,interest rate changes,etc.),and optimize the decision.An optimizing model will ma
12、ke the comparison that management deems important,consider major risks and constraints on the projects,and then select the best overall project or set of projects.第二章项目选择 2、功能性。模型的完善程度应适合多个、功能性。模型的完善程度应适合多个时期,能够模拟项目内部和外部的各种时期,能够模拟项目内部和外部的各种条件,并能够使决策最优化。条件,并能够使决策最优化。第二章项目选择3、flexibility(灵活性灵活性).The m
13、odel should give valid results within the range of conditions to be self-adjusting in response to changes in the firms environment;for example,tax laws change,new technological advancements alter risk levels,and above all,the organizations goals change.4、ease of use(易用性易用性).The model should be reaso
14、nably convenient,not take a long time to execute,and be ease to use and understand.It should not require special interpretation,data that are difficult to acquire,excessive personnel,or unavailable equipment.The models variables should also relate to one-to-one with those real-world parameters the m
15、anagers believe significant to the project.Finally,it should be easy to simulate the expected outcomes associated with investments in different project portfolios.5、cost(成本成本)Data-gathering and modeling costs should be low relative to the cost of the project and must surely be less than the potentia
16、l benefits of the project.All costs should be considered,including the costs of data management and of running the model第二章项目选择 3、灵活性。即模型应根据企业可能遇到的各、灵活性。即模型应根据企业可能遇到的各种情况给出正确的结果。同时,模型应具有易种情况给出正确的结果。同时,模型应具有易于调整或自我调节的能力,以适应企业环境的于调整或自我调节的能力,以适应企业环境的变化(如税法变动、技术进步等因素)。变化(如税法变动、技术进步等因素)。4、易用性。即模型应易于使用和理解
17、,数据、易用性。即模型应易于使用和理解,数据易于获得,而不需要花费过多的时间。易于获得,而不需要花费过多的时间。5、成本性。即数据收集和建立模型的成本要、成本性。即数据收集和建立模型的成本要低于相应的项目成本,而且还要求低于项目的低于相应的项目成本,而且还要求低于项目的潜在收益。潜在收益。第二章项目选择三、项目选择模型的类型三、项目选择模型的类型 两种基本选择模型:两种基本选择模型:数学模型非数学非数学模型模型第二章项目选择1、非数学模型、非数学模型(nonnumeric models)1)the sacred cow(圣牛).In this case the project is sugge
18、sted by a senior and powerful official in the organization.Often the project is initiated with a simple comment such as“if you have a chance,why dont you look into-,”and there follows an undeveloped idea for a new product,for the development of a new market,for the design and adoption of a global da
19、ta base and information system,or for some other project requiring an investment of the firms resources.The immediate result of this bland statement is the creation of a“project”to investigate whatever the boss has suggested.The project is“sacred”in the sense that it will be maintained until success
20、fully concluded,or until the boss,personally,recognizes the idea as a failure and terminates it.第二章项目选择 1)圣牛()圣牛(The Sacred Cow)模型。指项模型。指项目首先由组织中的高层权威人士提议,目首先由组织中的高层权威人士提议,然后产生有关新产品的设想、新市场的然后产生有关新产品的设想、新市场的开发等工作。高层权威的提议常常直接开发等工作。高层权威的提议常常直接导致项目的产生,从此意义而言,项目导致项目的产生,从此意义而言,项目是是“神圣神圣”的,在未得到满意的结果之的,在未得到
21、满意的结果之前,或高层已意识到该创意失败需要终前,或高层已意识到该创意失败需要终止该项目之前,该项目将会一直存在下止该项目之前,该项目将会一直存在下去。去。第二章项目选择2)the operating necessity(经营需要经营需要).If a flood is threatening the plant,a project to build a protective dike does not require much formal evaluation.In other words,a firm select its project mainly according to the o
22、perating necessity.3)comparative benefit model(比较利益模型比较利益模型).The concept of comparative benefits is widely adopted for selection decisions on all sorts of projects.Most United Way organizations(许多社会组织许多社会组织)use the concept to make decisions about which of several social programs to fund.Senior manag
23、ement of the funding organization then examines all projects with positive recommendations and attempts to construct a portfolio that best fits the organizations aims and its budget.Of the several techniques for ordering projects,the Q-Sort(Q排序排序)is one of the most straightforward.First,the projects
24、 are divided into three groups-good,fair,and poor-according to their relative merits.If any group has more than eight members,it is subdivided into two categories,such as fair-plus(中上中上)and fair-minus(中下中下).When all categories have eight or fewer members,the projects within each categories are order
25、ed from best to worst.Again,the order is determined on the basis of relative merit.The rater may use specific criteria to rank each project,or may simply use general overall judgment(整体整体判断方法判断方法).第二章项目选择 2)经营需要模型。即项目的选择完全是)经营需要模型。即项目的选择完全是根据经营需要来考虑,而不会过多的依根据经营需要来考虑,而不会过多的依靠模型来选择。如:受洪水威胁的工厂,靠模型来选择。如
展开阅读全文