大学精品课件:INSTRUCTION TO BIDDERS.doc
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1、1 PART 1 1. The types of contract available In a major project the employer or client engages designers and contractors. The exact relationship between the employer, the designer and the contractor depends on the type of contract used by the employer. The traditional form of contract is for the empl
2、oyer to engage, on a separate agreement, independent designers and then to let the construction phase of the project out to tender and award it to the winning contractor. The most frequently used type of contract is the Bill of Quantities or measurement type of contract. Whilst this remains the most
3、 extensively used type of contract there are others that offer different characteristics to the employer and may well suit particular projects. The types of contract available include: (1) Bill of quantities or measurement contract The basis of this type of contract is that the contractor is paid fo
4、r the work done. Hence the work done has to be measured. The Bill of Quantities contract provides contractors with a common document on which to base their tender, thus attempting to ensure that all tenders are received on an equitable and comparable basis. The Bill of Quantities is prepared from dr
5、awings and itemized according to one of the standard methods of measurement. Each item contains a brief description of the work and a stated quantity of work. An example of a page from a Bill of Quantities document is given in figure 3. The tenderer is required to enter a unit rate and the total amo
6、unt for each item allowing in these sums for all labour, plant, materials, subcontractors, temporary works and materials, overheads and profits. There is normally a section for preliminaries, i.e. site offices and other services and there are normally items for prime cost requirements such as plant
7、specified precisely by the designer and for nominated subcontract work. The sum of all these items is the tender or bid figure. As the contract proceeds the actual quantity of work executed in each item is measured and valued at the rates given by the contractor in the Bill of Quantities in the tend
8、er submission. This permits the calculation of interim, usually monthly, payments and of the final account. Additional work is either valued at the rates quoted in the Bill of Quantities or is separately negotiated. (2) Schedule of rates contract The tender documents for these contracts usually comp
9、rise outline drawings and perhaps a bill with very approximate quantities. The tenderer is asked to submit “rates“ for a list of items of work. As the work proceeds the contractor is paid the rate quoted for the measured quantity of work executed. This type of contract is used when completed designs
10、 are not possible and the client wishes to proceed without undue and extensive delays. Difficult refurbishment work, where the extent of the work is unclear until some dismantling or demolition has taken place, is an example where this type of contract could be useful. 2 Figure 1. An example of a pa
11、ge from a Bill of Quantities document Number Item description Unit Quantity Rate Amount E311 E321 E325 E326 EARTHWORKS Excavation for foundations Topsoil maximum depth 0.25 m Material other than topsoil, rock or artificial hard material maximum depth 0.25 m for footpath; commencing underside of tops
12、oil Ditto maximum depth 2-5 m for chambers Ditto maximum depth 5-10 m for tank m3 m3 m3 m3 19 10.5 7.8 102.5 E522.1 E522.2 E531 E532 Excavation ancillaries Preparation of excavated surface Ditto at 60“ to the horizontal subsoil Disposal of excavated material; topsoil Ditto subsoil m2 m2 m3 m3 70 98.
13、4 19 120.8 F247.1 F274.2 F277 IN SITE CONCRETE Provision of concrete-cement to BS 4027 Designed mix Grade C20 Designed mix Grade C20; minimum cement content 300 kg/m3 Designed mix Grade C35; minimum cement content 360 kg/m3 m3 m3 m3 10 0.5 104.5 F411.1 F411.2 F425 F522.1 Placing of concrete Mass bli
14、nding thickness 80 mm Ditto to sloping hopper Mass benching Grade C20 thickness varying to chambers Reinforced bases thickness 300 mm hopper bottom m3 m3 m3 m3 2.2 7.8 0.5 0.4 Page Total carried to Summary (3) Lump sum contracts Normally in this type of contract the tender documents do not have a Bi
15、ll of Quantities and the tenderers are invited to submit a bid based on the drawings and the specification prepared for the particular project. In submitting a bid the contractor is responsible for assessing all the costs to be incurred in completing the works described in the drawings. The work may
16、 be subdivided into phases to facilitate stage payments. This contract fixes the price the client or employer has to pay. However, it offers little scope for flexibility. (4) Cost reimbursement contract This type of contract is designed to allow work to proceed while designs proceed. They normally h
17、ave independent designers producing the designs and drawings and specifications and 3 the contractor is paid the audited costs of the work covering labor, plant, materials, subcontractors, and site on-costs together with a fee. The type of fee is determined by the contractual arrangement and may be
18、a fixed fee, a percentage fee or it may be based on a target cost. Fixed or percentage fee contract - The basis of the fee is agreement between the employer and the contractor at the outset. This fee is usually designed to cover the contractors overheads and profit. The direct costs of the work are
19、paid by the employer. These are subject to audit. The total sum paid is the direct costs plus the fee. Potentially the client or employer is at risk because the contractor has no incentive to keep costs constrained. This lack of incentive is checked by the monitoring procedures employed by the clien
20、t to ensure the most efficient construction methods are used. This type of contract is only manageable by sophisticated and experienced client organizations. Target cost contract - This type of contract is a variation on cost plus fee with the fee based on a target cost with bonuses available to the
21、 contractor if the costs are below target and penalties if the costs are above target. In this way the contractor is sharing in any savings made and is sharing the risks of additional costs. The original target cost is negotiated between client and contractor based on the outline drawings of the sch
22、eme as it is at the time of negotiation. As the design progresses the target cost has to be adjusted to accommodate the different quantities of work required. This form of contract is also only suitable for the competent client organization. (5) Design construct contracts These are also known as “tu
23、rnkey“, “all-in“ or “package-deal” contracts. The contracts previously described all lack separate and, usually, independent designers. In this type of contract the whole project covering design, construction and commissioning is let as a single contract to a single organization. A small number of c
24、ompetent organizations would be invited to submit proposals outlining the design and the price offered. The key to the success of this type of contract is the client organizations ability to write a detailed and comprehensive project brief specifying the performance criteria of the completed project
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