托福阅读复习课件.ppt

1、托福阅读复习阅读理解阅读理解v1.考试概述考试概述v2.文体分析文体分析v3.阅读技能阅读技能v4.常见问题常见问题v5.题型分析题型分析v6.解题攻略解题攻略v7.应试准备应试准备v8.高分秘籍高分秘籍v9.冲刺攻略冲刺攻略v10.真题演练真题演练新托福概述新托福概述1 1时间时间文章文章问题问题分值分值等级等级60-100分钟分钟3-5篇篇,每篇每篇约约700字字每篇每篇后设后设12-14个个0-30分分High:22-30Intermediate:15-21Low:0-新托福概述新托福概述2 2v目的目的：考查考生对大学教科书类似文章：考查考生对大学教科书类似文章（prompts)的阅读

2、理解能力。的阅读理解能力。v类型：类型：v1.short format（短模式）：（短模式）：3篇文章，篇文章，60分钟分钟v2.long format（长模式）：（长模式）：5篇文章，篇文章，100分钟分钟（其中有三篇文章被评分，其他的两篇是以后考（其中有三篇文章被评分，其他的两篇是以后考试中的实验部分。）试中的实验部分。）v记分记分：绝大多数是一题一分，但每篇文章的最后：绝大多数是一题一分，但每篇文章的最后一题的分值超过一分。一题的分值超过一分。新托福概述新托福概述3 3v 注意事项注意事项：v 1.考试进行中考生可以做笔记，但不会被评分。考试进行中考生可以做笔记，但不会被评分。v 2.有

3、些文章中会使用下画线及蓝色有些文章中会使用下画线及蓝色(underlined in blue)来凸显一个单词或词组，可单击得到它们的定义和解释。来凸显一个单词或词组，可单击得到它们的定义和解释。v 3.在整个阅读考试过程中，考生可随时返回任何一篇文在整个阅读考试过程中，考生可随时返回任何一篇文章中的任何一个问题，但不能进入听力部分，否则无法返章中的任何一个问题，但不能进入听力部分，否则无法返回。回。v 4.点击点击review，可浏览已经回答的所有问题和未完成的，可浏览已经回答的所有问题和未完成的问题，并返回任何一道为完成的题目继续答题。问题，并返回任何一道为完成的题目继续答题。v 5.屏幕上

4、的时钟将告诉你还剩多少时间完成阅读部分的屏幕上的时钟将告诉你还剩多少时间完成阅读部分的考题。考题。文体分析文体分析v 文章多取材于北美（文章多取材于北美（America and Canada)，也来自于世界，也来自于世界范围内的说英语的国家（范围内的说英语的国家（England,Australia,New Zealand).v 题材广泛题材广泛：v 1.科技：科技：天文、地质、化学、数学、物理、生物、医学、工天文、地质、化学、数学、物理、生物、医学、工程学程学v 2.历史历史：政府、地理、文化：政府、地理、文化v 3.艺术艺术：文学、绘画、雕塑、舞蹈、戏剧、建筑：文学、绘画、雕塑、舞蹈、戏剧、

5、建筑v 4.社会科学社会科学：人类学、经济学、心理学、城市研究和社会学：人类学、经济学、心理学、城市研究和社会学v 5.传记和自传传记和自传v 体裁：体裁：v 1说明文说明文(exposition)v 2议论文议论文(argumentation)v 3记叙文记叙文(narration)说明文说明文v段落段落主题句说明主题句的细节结尾句主题句说明主题句的细节结尾句v全文全文v首段（揭示主题）首段（揭示主题）v主体段（对主题分点阐述）主体段（对主题分点阐述）v结论段（对全文归纳总结）结论段（对全文归纳总结）v常见的结构模式：常见的结构模式：v）提出问题）提出问题 分析问题分析问题解决问题解决问题v

6、）指出现象）指出现象分析原因分析原因v）引入主题）引入主题进行对比比较进行对比比较v）引入主题）引入主题进行列举进行列举议论文议论文v常见结构常见结构：v提出论点提出论点列举理由或事实列举理由或事实总结总结v常见的结构标志常见的结构标志：v1)表观点表观点：To begin with,in my opinion,as far as Im concerned,from my point of viewv2)表分类表分类：can be classified into four groups,falls into three typesv3)表说明的步骤或论证的角度表说明的步骤或论证的角度：fist

7、,second,finallyv4)表总结表总结：to sum up,on the whole,in 阅读技能阅读技能v1.识别主题或作者的意图识别主题或作者的意图v2.扫描细节扫描细节v3.利用上下文线索猜测词义利用上下文线索猜测词义v4.做出推断做出推断v5.识别连贯性识别连贯性v6.理解作者如何解释问题理解作者如何解释问题v7.理解作者为什么使用某个例子或细节理解作者为什么使用某个例子或细节v8.识别重申识别重申/释义和句子简化释义和句子简化v9.区别主要观点和次要观点区别主要观点和次要观点v10.分析和分类信息以完成摘要和表格分析和分类信息以完成摘要和表格成组视读成组视读v“意群意群”

8、(thought/sense group):v视线停留一次可看到具有逻辑意义的一组单词，视线停留一次可看到具有逻辑意义的一组单词，这种有意义的语法结构叫这种有意义的语法结构叫“意群意群”。v阅读时人的眼睛不是持续的移动，而是跳跃式移阅读时人的眼睛不是持续的移动，而是跳跃式移动，动，94%的时间眼睛是静止的，的时间眼睛是静止的，6%的时间在跳跃。的时间在跳跃。v在实际阅读中，人的眼睛以词群为单位跳跃，即在实际阅读中，人的眼睛以词群为单位跳跃，即相关的词往往在一次注目中看到。相关的词往往在一次注目中看到。略读略读vSkimming(略读略读)v 快速浏览全文的阅读方法快速浏览全文的阅读方法v v

9、目的目的：v(1)了解文章的主题了解文章的主题;v(2)对文章的结构获得一个整体概念对文章的结构获得一个整体概念;v(3)对各部分的内容获得一个粗略印象对各部分的内容获得一个粗略印象;v(4)对文章主旨做出判断。对文章主旨做出判断。v v 对象对象:文章的标题、开始段、结束段、每段的段首句和结文章的标题、开始段、结束段、每段的段首句和结尾句尾句 寻读寻读vScanning(寻读）寻读）v 指以问题为线索、带着问题去寻找某一特定信息的阅读指以问题为线索、带着问题去寻找某一特定信息的阅读 v 要领：要领：v 确定哪方面的事实和细节确定哪方面的事实和细节v 确定到什么地方去找确定到什么地方去找v 扫

10、过文章扫过文章v 找到地方后详读找到地方后详读v 适当地推理适当地推理v 注意事项：注意事项：v 扫视文章要快扫视文章要快v 先了解四个选项先了解四个选项v 认真分析对比选项认真分析对比选项v 题目的顺序与文章的行文顺序的关系题目的顺序与文章的行文顺序的关系Guessing（猜测词义）（猜测词义）v词汇线索：前缀、后缀、词干词汇线索：前缀、后缀、词干ve.g.Most flags have a compact,rectangular shape and instinct visual symbolism.Their strong colors and geometric patterns ar

11、e usually instantly recognizable even if miniaturized to less than a square centimeter.vThe word miniaturized in the passage is closest in meaning to _.vA.publicized B.coloredvC.made brighter D.made Guessing（猜测词义）（猜测词义）v2结构线索结构线索v）定义（）定义（be)ve.g.The Celtic religion centered on the worship of a panth

12、eon of nature deities.Their religious ceremonies included animal sacrifices and various forms of magic.Druids were the priests who led the people in this highly ritualistic worshipvThe word Druids in the passage is closest in meaning to _.vA.deities B.ceremoniesvC.sacrifices DGuessing（猜测词义）（猜测词义）v2结

13、构线索结构线索v2）同义词）同义词/解释（解释（and/or)ve.g.In accordance with many psychologist,phobias,or irrational fears represent,or are symbolic of repressed anxiety.vThe word phobia in the passage is closest in meaning to _.vA.psychologist B.fearvC.symbol DGuessing 4(猜测词义猜测词义)v 2结构线索结构线索v 3）同位语（，）同位语（，）v e.g.It is b

14、elieved to have originated among the Egyptians,probably before 4000B.C.,and was used by them for more than 30 centuries.Seventeenth-century attempts to preserve anatomical specimens brought about modern techniques of embalming,the preservation of the body tissue after death by artificial chemical me

15、ans.v The word embalming in the passage is closest in meaning to _.v A.death by a chemical meansv B.the preservation of body tissuev C.a common agent related to formaldehydev D.the replacement of body Guessing 5（猜测词义）（猜测词义）v 2结构线索结构线索v 4）从句）从句v e.g.The Pueblo Indians are those who dwell in pueblos,a

16、 name derived from the Spanish word for village.The pueblo is usually built against the face of a cliff and generally consists of connected houses rising in a series of receding terraces.The roof of one house is the yard or patio of the next house.The kiva,where Pueblo Indians hold their secret cere

17、monies,is entered by an opening in the roofv The word kiva in the passage is closest in meaning to _.v A.patio B.ceremonial roomv C.series of terraces D.Pueblo Indian Guessing 6（猜测词义）（猜测词义）v2结构线索结构线索v5）罗列（，）罗列（，）ve.g.If someone is said to have“a chip on his shoulder”,he is angry,pugnacious,sullen,an

18、d looking for trouble.vThe word pugnacious in the passage is closest in meaning to _.vA.friendly B.aggressivevC.sociable DGuessing 7（猜测词义）（猜测词义）v2结构线索结构线索v6）举例）举例(like,such as,for example,for instance)ve.g.However,for outdoor enthusiasts who want to get far from civilization,choosing camping paraphe

19、rnalia such as tents,sleeping bags,cooking implements and other supplies should be done with care.vThe word paraphernalia in the passage is closest in meaning to _.vA.equipment B.food suppliesvC.sleeping bags DGuessing 8（猜测词义）（猜测词义）v 2结构线索结构线索v 7）对比比较）对比比较(but,however,whereas,on the other hand,despi

20、te,in spite of,or,rather,alternatively,nevertheless,unlike,while,conversely,in contrast,instead,on the contrary,differently)v e.g.The campanile is chiefly a medieval form of Italian architecture.Built in connection with a church or town hall,it served as a belfry,watchtower,and sometimes a civil mon

21、ument.Unlike other bell towers that are attached to buildings,the campanile generally stand s as detached unit.v The word campanile in the passage is closest in meaning to _.v A.church B.town hallv C.tower DGuessing 9（猜测词义）（猜测词义）v2结构线索结构线索v8）标点符号）标点符号(，（），（）“”“”)ve.g.At the age of 19,Galileo discove

22、red isochronism the principle in which each oscillation of a pendulum takes the same time despite changes in amplitude.vThe word isochronism in the passage is closest in meaning to _.vA.a principle B.an oscillationvC.a pendulum D.an Guessing10（猜测词义）（猜测词义）v 2结构线索结构线索v 9）指代关系）指代关系v e.g.Many weeds are

23、also hosts for disease-causing organisms.At least 50 different weed species fight off competitors by emitting toxins from their roots,leaves,or seeds.These poisons do their work in a variety of ways,such as inhibiting germination of seeds and destroying photosynthesis abilities.v The word toxins in

24、the passage is closest in meaning to _.v A.roots B.leavesv C.seeds DGuessing 11（猜测词义）（猜测词义）v 2结构线索结构线索v 10）关键词）关键词v e.g.Nonresidential design concerns public spaces such as concert hall,banks,offices,building lobbies,theater,restaurants,hotels,and religious buildings.Many contract designers speciali

25、ze in one or more of these areas.Accessories add interest to a room.They can accent or highlight an area and give a room beauty and personality.v The word accessories in the passage is closest in meaning to _.v A.things that build a house v B.things that destroy a roomv C.things that improve a room

26、v D.things that coat a house Guessing12（猜测词义）（猜测词义）v 3语境线索语境线索v 1）狭义语境线索）狭义语境线索v 在一个句子范围内，该词语前后的语言单位（该词语所属的语法结在一个句子范围内，该词语前后的语言单位（该词语所属的语法结构）构）v 1.The house was surprisingly sound,though it was more than two hundred years old.v 2.These people are mentally sound,but physically handicapped.v 3.Industr

27、ial expansion is a very sound investment in present society.v 4.In the end,the enemy force suffered a sound defeat and soon withdrew from the front.v 5.I believe that its sound for boys and girls to have basically the same education.v 6.Fortunately,my wife was safe and sound after her Guessing13（猜测词

28、义）（猜测词义）v3语境线索语境线索v2）广义语境线索）广义语境线索v超越一个句子范围，它可以是句群、段落、章节甚超越一个句子范围，它可以是句群、段落、章节甚至整篇文章。至整篇文章。vA statesman is a wise,experienced and respected political leader.v“Mothers may still want their favorite sons to grow up to be President,but.they do not want them to become politicians in the process”vToday,b

29、oys try to prove they are men in many different ways.Long ago,it was not hard for some boys to know they had become men.American Indians had ceremonies and tests for boys to prove they were men.In one tribe,boys were given drugs which made them see visions of the gods.Having a vision was the first s

30、tep toward being a man.In another tribe,boys had to prove that they could stand pain.They had to lie still on ground covered with ants and let the ants bite them again and again.When the Indian boys had been through these ceremonies and tests,they knew they were v Military awards have long been cons

31、idered symbolic of royalty,and thus when the United States was a young nation just finished with revolution and eager to distance itself from anything tasting of monarchy,there was strong sentiment against military decoration.For a century,from the end of the Revolutionary War until the Civil War,th

32、e United States awarded no military honors.The institution of the Medal of Honor in 1861 was a source of great discussion and concern.From the Civil War until World War I,the Medal of Honor was the only military award given by the United States government,and today it is awarded only in the most ext

33、reme cases of heroism.Although the United States is still somewhat wary of granting military awards,several awards have been instituted since World War I.v The authors main purpose in this paragraph is to _.v A.describe the history of military awards prior to the Civil Warv B.demonstrate an effect o

34、f Americas attitude toward royaltyv C.give an opinion of military awardsv D.outline various historical symbols of 阅读中应解决的问题阅读中应解决的问题v 1Vocabulary(词汇）词汇）一个一般性词的意义一个一般性词的意义v 2Terms（术语）（术语）特定词或词组的意义特定词或词组的意义v 3Paraphrase（释义（释义）最佳的陈述）最佳的陈述v 4Reference（指代）（指代）一个代词所指代的原文中的词一个代词所指代的原文中的词v 5.Detail（细节）（细节）细

35、节要点细节要点v 6.Cause（原因）（原因）解释某种情况或事件是如何发生的解释某种情况或事件是如何发生的v 7.True-False（正误）（正误）确定正确的陈述确定正确的陈述v 8.Purpose（目的）（目的）理解作者为什么要这样组织文章理解作者为什么要这样组织文章v 9.Opinion(观点）观点）认清作者的观点认清作者的观点v 10.Inference（推理）（推理）根据原文信息作出相应的结论根据原文信息作出相应的结论v 11.Exception（排除）（排除）选择一个原文中未被提及的陈述选择一个原文中未被提及的陈述v 12.Insert（插入）（插入）将一句话插入文章中正确的位置

36、将一句话插入文章中正确的位置v 13.Classification（分类）（分类）将多个短语所属类别进行匹配将多个短语所属类别进行匹配v 14.Summary（摘要）（摘要）完成所考查文章的摘要完成所考查文章的摘要题型分析题型分析v一一、基础理解题、基础理解题v二二、篇章应用题、篇章应用题题型分析题型分析v1.Vocabulary Questions 词汇题词汇题v目的：目的：考查根据上下文理解特定词和短语的考查根据上下文理解特定词和短语的能力能力v特点：特点：难度不大，一般每篇文章后有难度不大，一般每篇文章后有道题分值分全部为单选题（选道题分值分全部为单选题（选）该题型考查的词汇范围很广，涉

37、及大）该题型考查的词汇范围很广，涉及大学水平所有的学科及专业出现频率非常学水平所有的学科及专业出现频率非常高高v例子例子：Some poisonous snake bites need to be treated immediately or the victim will suffer paralysisvIn stating that the victim will suffer paralysis the author means that the victim will vA.lose the ability to move vB.become unconsciousvC.underg

38、o shock vD.feel great 题型分析题型分析2v2.Reference Questions 指代题指代题v目的：目的：检测考生确定某个代词或形容词的指代对象的检测考生确定某个代词或形容词的指代对象的能力（代词和指示形容词可以用来指代句子或前后能力（代词和指示形容词可以用来指代句子或前后句子以及段落篇章中的其他名词，这种语法现象被称句子以及段落篇章中的其他名词，这种语法现象被称为指代）为指代）v特点：特点：难度不大，一般每篇文章后有道题分难度不大，一般每篇文章后有道题分值分全部为单选题（选）出现频率非常值分全部为单选题（选）出现频率非常高高v该题型考查的词汇种类很多，第三人称主格

39、宾格该题型考查的词汇种类很多，第三人称主格宾格物主代词反身代词；关系代词和副词（物主代词反身代词；关系代词和副词（that,which,who,whom,whose,where,when);指示代词或形指示代词或形容词容词(this,that,these,those);量词以及其他形式量词以及其他形式(all,none,a few,the last,several,many etc.)v 例子例子：These laws are universal in their application,regardless of cultural beliefs,geography,or climate.I

40、f pots have no bottoms or have large openings in their sides,they could hardly be considered containers in any traditional sense.Since the laws of physics,not some arbitrary decision,have determined the general form of applied-art objects,they follow basic patterns,so much so that functional forms c

41、an vary only within certain limits v The word they in the passage refers to v A.applied-art objects v B.the laws of physicsv C.containers v D.the sides of 题型分析题型分析3v3.Factual Information Questions 事实信息题事实信息题v目的：目的：检测考生抓住文章中阐明的信息并排除干扰检测考生抓住文章中阐明的信息并排除干扰回答问题的能力回答问题的能力v特点：特点：有一定难度，一般每篇文章后有道有一定难度，一般每篇文章

42、后有道题分值分全部为单选题（选）出现频题分值分全部为单选题（选）出现频率非常高率非常高v该类问题的选项通常是对事实性信息的复述即正该类问题的选项通常是对事实性信息的复述即正确答案通常是文章意思的同义转述确答案通常是文章意思的同义转述(paraphrases)答案通常按行文顺序排列，问题答案通常按行文顺序排列，问题通常会示意答案会在哪段中出现通常会示意答案会在哪段中出现“”)v 例子例子：Williamsburg is a historic city in Virginia that was settled by English colonists in 1633,twenty-six year

43、s after the first permanent English colony in America was settled at Jamestown.In the beginning,the colony at Williamsburg was named Middle Plantation because of its location in the middle of a Peninsula between two rivers,the York and the James.The site for Williamsburg had been selected by the col

44、onists because the soil drainage was better there than at the Jamestown location,and there were fewer mosquitoes.v According to the passage,the colonists chose Williamsburg because _v.v A.it was in England v B.there were no nearby riversv C.there were lots of mosquitoes v D.the soil drained 题型分析题型分析

45、4v.Negative Factual Information Questions 否定事实信息题否定事实信息题v目的：目的：检测考生对于事实性信息的理解和甄别的能检测考生对于事实性信息的理解和甄别的能力根据文章中阐明的信息，判断什么信息是正确力根据文章中阐明的信息，判断什么信息是正确的或错误的或文章中没有提到的的或错误的或文章中没有提到的v特点：特点：有一定难度，一般每篇文章后有道有一定难度，一般每篇文章后有道题分值分全部为单选题（选）出现频题分值分全部为单选题（选）出现频率一般率一般v该类问题通常要求考生判断个选项中哪一个在文该类问题通常要求考生判断个选项中哪一个在文章中没有出现过章中没有

46、出现过(Not mentioned/included)或是或是不真实的不真实的(Not true)或是错误的或是错误的(False).词类问题中词类问题中通常包含通常包含NOT,EXCEPT,LEAST三种形式三种形式v 例子例子：It is true,in English,that there are many different kinds of expressions that people use to give a name to anything whose name is unknown or momentarily forgotten.The word gadget is on

47、e such word.It was first used by British sailors in the 1850s and probably came from the French word gachette,which was a small hook.In everyday use,the word has a more general meaning.Other words are also used to give a name to something unnamed or unknown,and these words tend to be somewhat imagin

48、ative.v Which of the following is NOT true about the word gadget?v A.it is used to name something when the name is not known.v B.It was used at the beginning of the nineteenth century.v C.it most likely came from a word in the French language.v D.Its first known use was by British 题型分析题型分析 5v5.Infer

49、ence Questions 推理题推理题v目的：目的：检测考生根据已知内容进行推理引申的能检测考生根据已知内容进行推理引申的能力力v特点：特点：难度很大，一般每篇文章后有道难度很大，一般每篇文章后有道题分值分全部为单选题（选）出现频题分值分全部为单选题（选）出现频率非常高率非常高v该题型的特征是文章中有些论点观点没有明确阐该题型的特征是文章中有些论点观点没有明确阐述，但却明确暗示出来了例如，知道结果，推论述，但却明确暗示出来了例如，知道结果，推论造成结果的起因；文中有比较，要求推断比较的基造成结果的起因；文中有比较，要求推断比较的基础；文中对某一新现象有明确阐述，可能要求推论础；文中对某一新

50、现象有明确阐述，可能要求推论旧现象的特征旧现象的特征v 例子：例子：The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all.In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century,a process was developed to refine tallow(fat from animals)with alkali a