高分子物理3高分子溶液PolymerSolutions-2-课件.ppt
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- 高分子 物理 溶液 PolymerSolutions 课件
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1、高分子溶液高分子溶液Polymer Physics高分子物理Study on dilute solution is of key importance on the formation of polymer scienceDilute solutionTheoretical studyChain conformationMolecular weightRadius of gyrationConcentrated solutionApplicationAdhesivesCoatingPlasticized plasticsPolymer blendsSemi-dilute solution2%I
2、mportance to study polymer solutions研究高分子溶液的意义研究高分子溶液的意义3.1 Dissolution of polymers3.1.1Characteristics of Polymer Dissolution 高分子的溶解特点高分子的溶解特点 Dissolution process of polymer is much slower than that of small molecules.Effect of aggregation state of polymer.Amorphous polymer is easier to dissolve th
3、an crystalline polymer.The higher the molecular weight of the polymer,the more difficult it is to select a good solvent.Dissolution of polymer is related to the polarity of polymer.nCrosslinked polymers can only be swollen(溶胀溶胀),not be dissolved(溶解溶解).nPolymer-polymer mutual solutions are even more
4、difficult to attain.Free energy of dissolution 溶解自由能溶解自由能 MMMSTHG?0n HM 0(without special interaction):undissolvablenHeating is advantageous to dissolutionn Non-polar crystalline polymers Firstly heating to the temperature near Tm to destroy the crystal lattice,then dissolved in the solvent.HDPE(Tm1
5、35C),T 120C in decalin sPP(Tm134 C)and iPP(Tm170C)T130C,in decalin.Dissolution of crystalline polymersn Polar crystalline polymers Can be dissolved at room temperature!The solvent first interacts with amorphous parts.The produced heat can destroy the crystal lattice and the crystalline is dissolved
6、gradually.PA can be dissolved in MeOH or 4 H2SO4,or 60%HCOOH at room temperature.Crystallinity dissolutionThe process of dissolution 溶解过程溶解过程(1)amorphous polymers(2)crosslinked polymers(3)crystalline polymers(i)swelling-solvent molecules penetrate into polymer.(ii)dissolution-polymer chains are disp
7、ersed in the solvent.Can only be swollen.(i)firstly melting(ii)dissolution(i)non-polar polymers(ii)Polar polymers3.1.2 Selection of solvent溶剂的选择溶剂的选择nSimilar polarity(极性相似原则极性相似原则)nSimilar solubility parameter(溶溶度参数相近原则度参数相近原则)nSolvation(溶剂化原则溶剂化原则)combinatorial consideration of above three points!F
8、or small molecules:The smaller the difference in polarity,the easier the dissolution.For polymers:also applicable Natural rubber(non-polar):petroleum,benzene,hexane and petroleum ether(non-polar)PS(weak polarity):toluene,chloroform,aniline(苯苯胺胺)(weak polarity)and benzene(non-polar)PMMA(polar):aceton
9、e(polar)PVA(polar):water(polar)PAN(strong polarity):DMF,acetonitrile(乙腈乙腈)(strong polarity)Similar polarity:相似相溶:相似相溶(定性定性)n非极性高聚物,其溶解过程一般吸热非极性高聚物,其溶解过程一般吸热 HM0,所以只有在所以只有在|HM|T|SM|时,才能满足时,才能满足 G0。也就是说只增大。也就是说只增大 T 或减小或减小 HM时才能时才能使体系自发溶解,那么使体系自发溶解,那么 HM又如何得知呢?又如何得知呢?n非极性高聚物与溶剂相互混合时的混合热可以非极性高聚物与溶剂相互混合
10、时的混合热可以借助小分子的溶度公式来计算。借助小分子的溶度公式来计算。溶度参数相近原则溶度参数相近原则(定量定量)Definitions of Solubility parameter溶度参数的定义溶度参数的定义 21221222111vvVEVEVHMM 21/VEnFor non-polar system:Total volumeSquare root of CEDVolume fractionnThe solubility parameter is defined as the square root of coherent energy densitySolubility parame
11、ter and solubility 溶度参数与溶解度溶度参数与溶解度 21221vvVHMMnHildebrand equation(for non-polar system)21Solubility一般说来如果0.27.121则聚合物不溶Solubility parameter of polymersPolymer(cal/cm3)1/2(J/cm3)1/2Polybutadiene 聚丁二烯8.417.2Polyethylene 聚乙烯7.916.2Poly(methyl methacrylate)聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯9.419.3Polytetrafluorethylene 聚四氟乙烯6.
12、212.7Polyisobutene 聚异丁烯7.816.1Polystyrene 聚苯乙烯9.118.6Cellulose triacetate 三醋酸纤维素13.627.8Nylon 66 尼龙6613.627.8Poly(ethylene oxide)聚氧乙烯9.920.3Poly(vinyl chloride)聚氯乙烯9.619.6Solubility parameter of solventsSolvent (J/cm3)1/2H-bonding GroupAcetone 丙酮20.2mBenzene 苯18.8pn-Butyl acetate 乙酸丁酯14.1mCarbon tet
13、rachloride 四氯化碳17.6pCyclohexane 环己烷16.8pn-Decane 正癸烷13.5pDibutyl amine 二丁胺16.6sDifluorodichloromethane 二氟二氯甲烷10.4p1,4-Dioxane 1,4二氧六环20.5mLow odor mineral spirits 低气味矿物油14.1pMethanol 甲醇29.7sToluene 甲苯18.2pTurpentine 松节油16.6pWater 水47.9sXylene 二甲苯18.0pMixed solvent 混合溶剂混合溶剂 2211MnSolubility parameter
14、 of mixed solventNeoprene rubber18.9Hexane14.9Acetone20.4DissolvableUndissolvableUndissolvable(1)小分子溶剂的溶度参数由小分子溶剂的溶度参数由Clapeyron-Clausius公式计算公式计算:先求得先求得 Hv(摩尔蒸发热摩尔蒸发热)再根据热力学第一定律换算成再根据热力学第一定律换算成 E:然后由然后由 可计算出可计算出 )(lgVVVTHdTdP 摩尔蒸发热摩尔蒸发热 溶剂气化后的体积溶剂气化后的体积 溶剂气化前的体积溶剂气化前的体积)(lgVVVPHE111VEn(2)聚合物的溶度参数聚合物
15、的溶度参数 2:由于聚合物不能气化,因此它的溶度参数由于聚合物不能气化,因此它的溶度参数只能用间接得方法测定,通常用粘度法和只能用间接得方法测定,通常用粘度法和交联后的溶胀度法,另外还可用直接计算交联后的溶胀度法,另外还可用直接计算法。法。nEquilibrium swelling methodThe swelling coefficient,Q,reaches a maximum when the solubility parameter of the solvent matches that of the polymer,for several cross-linked systems:p
16、olyurethane(),polystyrene(),and a polyurethane polystyrene interpenetrating polymer networks()n溶胀度溶胀后溶胀体总溶胀度溶胀后溶胀体总体积体积/溶胀前高分子体积溶胀前高分子体积 222211)(WWWQW1 溶胀体内溶剂的重量W2 溶胀体内聚合物的重量1 溶剂的密度2 溶胀前聚合物的密度Q 溶胀度B.Unal,R.C.Hedden,Polymer,47,8173(2019)由上式可见:溶胀度等于溶质体积分数的倒数。由上式可见:溶胀度等于溶质体积分数的倒数。n 即:即:Q=1/2 2:聚合物在溶胀体中
17、的体积分数聚合物在溶胀体中的体积分数n实验方法:将称量后的交联聚合物放到一系实验方法:将称量后的交联聚合物放到一系列不同溶剂中去,让它在恒温下充分溶胀,列不同溶剂中去,让它在恒温下充分溶胀,达到平衡时对溶胀体称重,可求出聚合物在达到平衡时对溶胀体称重,可求出聚合物在各种溶剂中的溶胀度。各种溶剂中的溶胀度。nIntrinsic viscosity methodDetermination of the solubility parameter,using the intrinsic viscosity method,for polyisobutene(A)and polystyrene(B).Th
18、e intrinsic viscosity,is a measure of the individual chain size Theoretical calculation of 溶度参数的理论计算溶度参数的理论计算 P.A.Small,J.Appl.Chem.,3,71(1953)MGGroup molar attraction constant Density monomer molecular weight Group molar attraction constant GroupG(calcm3)1/2GroupG(calcm3)1/2 CH3214CO(ketones)275 CH
19、2 (single bonded)133COO(esters)310 CHCCCl2)260C=19Cl(triple as in CCl3)250 CH=CC=C222I(single)425Phenyl735CF2(n-fluorocarbons only)150Phenylene(o,m,p)658CF3(n-fluorocarbons only)274Naphthyl1146S(sulfides)225Ring(5-membered)105-115SH(thiols)315Ring(6-membered)95-105ONO(nitrates)440Conjugation20-30NO2
20、(aliphatic nitro compound)440H80-100PO4(organic phosphates)500O(ethers)70Si(in silicone)38Theoretical calculation of 溶度参数的理论计算溶度参数的理论计算 4.15.62MPVC213)J/cm(7.195.62552572724.1MGCCHHHClCH2CHG=57ClG=272G=552nHildebrand公式只适用于非极性的溶质和溶公式只适用于非极性的溶质和溶剂的互相混合剂的互相混合n对于极性高聚物、能形成分子间氢键的高聚对于极性高聚物、能形成分子间氢键的高聚物,物,H
21、ildebrand不适用!另外有修正公式不适用!另外有修正公式 例:例:PAN不能溶解于与它不能溶解于与它值相近的乙醇、甲值相近的乙醇、甲醇等。因为醇等。因为PAN极性很强,而乙醇、甲醇等极性很强,而乙醇、甲醇等溶剂极性太弱了。溶剂极性太弱了。又例:又例:PS不能溶解在与它不能溶解在与它值相近的丙酮中,值相近的丙酮中,因为因为PS弱极性,而丙酮强极性。弱极性,而丙酮强极性。n所以溶度参数相近原则不总是有效的所以溶度参数相近原则不总是有效的 Hildebrand公式适用于非极性或弱极性公式适用于非极性或弱极性强极性时要使用强极性时要使用Hansen公式公式:下标d、p、h分别表示色散力、极性力和
22、氢键力2222dph3.2 Thermodynamics of mixing混合热力学混合热力学111opp XnIdeal Solution 理想溶液理想溶液 nIn an ideal solution,the interaction between solute and solvent are equivalentnFree energy of mixingnEntropy of mixing nEnthalpy of mixing 1122(lnln)MGkT NXNX1122(lnln)MSk NXNX HM=0 nNo heat of mixingnNo volume change
23、nRaoults law is obeyed HM=0 VM=0 3.2.1 Types of Solution 溶液类型溶液类型 Other Types of Solutions 其它类型溶液其它类型溶液 1122(lnln)MSk NXNX 1122(lnln)MSk NXNX HM 0 nAthermal solutions无热溶液无热溶液nRegular solution 正规溶液正规溶液 nIrregular solution无规溶液无规溶液HM=0 1122(lnln)MSk NXNX HM 0 3.2.2 Thermodynamics of ideal solution 理想溶液
24、的热力学理想溶液的热力学 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBABAABBABAABAABABBAABABABABAA+N1N2N1+N2!)!(2121121NNNNCNNNBABABAkS lnA=1B=1SA=0SB=0121211221122()!()ln!(lnln)(lnln)MA BABNNSSSSkN Nk NXNXRT nXnX 11122212/()/()XNNNXNNN1122/AAnNNnNNARkNStirling 近似公式近似公式ln!lnaaaa12121212121112221122121122121212121122()!ln()ln()(
25、)!(ln)(ln)ln()ln()lnlnlnlnlnlnNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXNX 1122(lnln)MSk NXNX 1122(lnln)MGRT nXnX2111,lnMT P nGRTXnHM=0 222,1lnMT P nGRTXn熵熵焓焓自由能自由能化学位化学位1122121212121111222212(lnln)(lnln)lnln()lnln()MGRT nXnXnnRT nnnnnnRT nnnnnnnnnn21211112111212,11121121(lnln()lnln()lnlnMT P nGnnRTnnnnn
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