非谓语动词-讲解课件.ppt

1、非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：（1 1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。（2 2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。（3 3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。词），在句中作状语。（二）非谓语动词的句法功能：（二）非谓语

2、动词的句法功能：句子成分句子成分非谓语非谓语主语主语表语表语宾语宾语补语补语定语定语 状语状语不定式不定式动名词动名词现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词二、非谓语动词用法：二、非谓语动词用法：（一）动词不定式：（一）动词不定式：（toto）+do+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。征。1 1不定式的形式：（以动词不定式的形式：（以动词writewrite为例）为例）否定式：否定式：not+(to)donot+(to)do主动主动被动被动一般式一般式To writeTo be written进行式进行式To be writing完成式完成式To have writte

3、nTo have been written（1 1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：例如：Im glad to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.（2 2）进行式：不

4、定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.（3 3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend

5、.2 2不定式的句法功能：不定式的句法功能：（1 1）作主语：）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it it作形式主语，例如上面两句作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：可用如下形式：ItIt is very is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.（2 2）作表语：）作表语：Her job

6、is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.（3）作宾语：）作宾语：a.常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,mean(打算）打算）b.如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：例

7、如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.c.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.注意：注意：动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.（4 4）作宾语补足语：）作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语

8、补足语，如下动词在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：常跟这种复合宾语：want,wish,ask,tell,order,want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite.invite.此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连

9、用，如：With a With a lot of work to do,lot of work to do,he didnt go to the cinema he didnt go to the cinema有些动词如有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,havehave等与不带有等与不带有toto的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加式要加to,to,如：如：I saw him I saw him cross the road.cross the road.He

10、was seen He was seen to cross the road.to cross the road.（5 5）作定语：）作定语：I have a meeting I have a meeting to attend.to attend.He found a good house to live He found a good house to live inin.The child has nothing to worry The child has nothing to worry aboutabout.What did you open it What did you ope

11、n it withwith?*Have you got anything Have you got anything to sendto send?*Have you got anything Have you got anything to be sentto be sent?He is He is the firstthe lastthe firstthe last to get here.to get here.（6 6）作状语：）作状语：表目的：表目的：He worked day and night He worked day and night to get the moneyto

12、get the money.She sold her hair She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：wrongwrong：To save moneyTo save money,every meansevery means has been has been tried.tried.rightright：To save moneyTo save money,hehe has tried every means.ha

13、s tried every means.wrongwrong：To learn English wellTo learn English well,a dictionarya dictionary is is needed.needed.rightright：To learn English wellTo learn English well,hehe needs a needs a dictionary.dictionary.表结果：表结果：He arrived late He arrived late to find the train goneto find the train gone

14、.常用常用onlyonly放在不定式前表示强调：放在不定式前表示强调：I visited him I visited him only to find him outonly to find him out.表原因：表原因：They were very sad They were very sad to hear the newsto hear the news.表程度：表程度：Its Its too darktoo dark for us for us to see anythingto see anything.The question is The question is simples

15、imple for him for him to answerto answer.（7 7）作独立成分：）作独立成分：To tell you the truthTo tell you the truth,I dont like the way he talked.,I dont like the way he talked.（8 8）不定式的省略：保留）不定式的省略：保留toto省略省略dodo动词。动词。If you dont want to do it,you dont need If you dont want to do it,you dont need toto.（9 9）不定式的并

16、列：第二个不定式可省略）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略toto。He wished He wished to studyto study medicine and medicine and becomebecome a a doctor.doctor.（二）动名词：（二）动名词：动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。1 1动名词的形式：动名词的形式：否定式：否定式：not+not+动名词动名词1 1）一般式：）一般式：Seeing is believing.Seeing is believing.眼见为实。眼见为实。（2 2）被动

17、式：）被动式：He came to the party without He came to the party without being invitedbeing invited他未被他未被邀请就来到了晚会。邀请就来到了晚会。（3 3）完成式：）完成式：We remembered We remembered having seen the filmhaving seen the film.我们记得看过我们记得看过这部电影。这部电影。（4 4）完成被动式：）完成被动式：He forgot He forgot having been takenhaving been taken to Guan

18、gzhou when to Guangzhou when he was five years old.he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。（5）否定式：）否定式：not+动名词动名词I regret not following his advice.我后悔没听他的劝我后悔没听他的劝告。告。(6)复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格+动名词动名词He suggested our trying it once again.他建议我们他建议我们再试一次。再试一次。His not knowing Engli

19、sh troubled him a lot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。2 2动名词的句法功能：动名词的句法功能：（1 1）作主语：）作主语：Reading aloudReading aloud is very helpful.is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stampsCollecting stamps is interesting.is interesting.集邮很有趣。集邮很有趣。当动名词短语作主语时常用当动名词短语作主语时常用itit作形式主语。作形式主语。ItsIts no use no use

20、quarrelling.quarrelling.争吵是没用的。争吵是没用的。（2 2）作表语：）作表语：In the ant city,the queens job is In the ant city,the queens job is laying eggs.laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。（3 3）作宾语：）作宾语：They havent finished They havent finished building the dambuilding the dam.他们还没有建他们还没有建好大坝。好大坝。We have to preven

21、t the air from We have to prevent the air from being polluted.being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others.我们发现取笑他人不好。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy,finish,suggest,avoidenjoy,finish,suggest,avoid（避免）（避免）,excuse

22、,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admitexcuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit（承认），（承认），denydeny（否认）（否认）,mind,permit,forbid,mind,permit,forbid,practisepractise,risk,risk（冒险）（冒险）,appreciate,appreciate（感激）（感激）,be busy,be busy,be worth,feel like,cant stand,cant helpbe worth,feel like,cant stand,c

23、ant help（情不自禁（情不自禁地）地）,think of,dream of,be fond of,think of,dream of,be fond of,prevent(from),keep from,stopprevent(from),keep from,stop（fromfrom）,protectfrom,set about,be engaged in,protectfrom,set about,be engaged in,spend(in),succeed in,be used to,look forward to,spend(in),succeed in,be used to,

24、look forward to,object to,pay attention to,insist on,feel likeobject to,pay attention to,insist on,feel like（4 4）作定语：）作定语：He cant walk without a He cant walk without a walkingwalking-stick.-stick.他没有拐杖不他没有拐杖不能走路。能走路。Is there a Is there a swimmingswimming pool in your school?pool in your school?你们学校有

25、你们学校有游泳池游泳池吗？（5）作同位语：The cave,his hiding-place is secret.那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit,listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。（三）现在分词：现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1、现在分词的形式：否定式：not+现在分词（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成 式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：They went to

26、 the park,singing and talking.他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework,he played basket-ball.做完作业，他开始打篮球。（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动 词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important.正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times,the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同

27、一个错误。2现在分词的句法功能：（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语 放在名词后。In the following years he worked even harder.在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed;the man speaking to t

28、he teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.（2 2）现在分词作表语：）现在分词作表语：The film being shown in the cinema is The film being shown in the cinema is excitingexciting.正在正在这家上演的电影很棒。这家上演的电影很棒。The present situation is The present situation is inspiringinspiring.当前的形势鼓舞人心。当前的形势鼓舞人心。be+doingbe+doing既可能表

29、示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于表语，它们的区别在于be+doingbe+doing表示进行的动作是进行时，表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词而表示特征时是系动词bebe与现在分词构成系表结构。与现在分词构成系表结构。（3 3）作宾语补足语：）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listen to,

30、look at,leave,catchobserve,listen to,look at,leave,catch等。例如：等。例如：Can you hear her Can you hear her singing the songsinging the song in the next room?in the next room?你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car He kept the car waiting at the gatewaiting at the gate.他让小汽车在门口他让小汽车在门口等着。等着。（4 4）现在分词作状语：）现在

31、分词作状语：作时间状语：作时间状语：(While)(While)WorkingWorking in the factory,he was an in the factory,he was an advanced worker.advanced worker.在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。作原因状语：作原因状语：Being a League memberBeing a League member,he is always helping,he is always helping others.others.由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。由于是共青团员，他经常帮

32、助他人。作方式状语，表示伴随：作方式状语，表示伴随：He stayed at home,He stayed at home,cleaning and washingcleaning and washing.他呆他呆在家里，又擦又洗。在家里，又擦又洗。作条件状语：作条件状语：(If)(If)Playing all dayPlaying all day,you will waste your valuable,you will waste your valuable time.time.要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。作结果状语：作结果状语：He dropped the glass,He dro

33、pped the glass,breakingbreaking it into pieces.it into pieces.他把杯他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。作目的状语：作目的状语：He went He went swimmingswimming the other day.the other day.几天前他去游泳了。几天前他去游泳了。作让步状语：作让步状语：Though Though rainingraining heavily,it cleared up very soon.heavily,it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴

34、了。虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。与逻辑主语构成独立主格：与逻辑主语构成独立主格：I waitingI waiting for the bus,a bird fell on my heard for the bus,a bird fell on my heard我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold outAll the tickets having been sold out,they went away,they went away disappointedly.disappointedly.所有的票已

35、经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。Time permittingTime permitting,well do another two exercises.,well do another two exercises.如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。有时也可用有时也可用with(without)+with(without)+名词（代词宾格）名词（代词宾格）+分词形式分词形式With the lights burningWith the lights burning,he fell asleep.,he fell asleep.

36、他点着灯睡着他点着灯睡着了。了。All the tickets having been sold outAll the tickets having been sold out,they went away,they went away disappointedly.disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。Time permittingTime permitting,well do another two exercises.,well do another two exercises.如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。如果时间

37、允许，我们将做另两个练习。有时也可用有时也可用with(without)+with(without)+名词（代词宾格）名词（代词宾格）+分词形式分词形式With the lights burningWith the lights burning,he fell asleep.,he fell asleep.他点着灯睡着了。他点着灯睡着了。作独立成分：作独立成分：J Judging fromudging from(by)his appearance,he must be an actor.(by)his appearance,he must be an actor.从外表看，他一定是个演员。从外

38、表看，他一定是个演员。Generally speakingGenerally speaking,girls are more careful.,girls are more careful.一般说来，一般说来，女孩子更细心。女孩子更细心。（四）过去分词：四）过去分词：过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed-ed构构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。过去分词的句法功能：过去分词的句法功能：1 1过去分词作定语：过去分词作定语：Our class went on

39、 an Our class went on an organizedorganized trip last Monday.trip last Monday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Those Those electedelected as committee members will attend as committee members will attend the meeting.the meeting.当选为委员的人将出席这次会。当选为委员的人将出席这次会。注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于

40、名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。动语态的定语从句。2 2过去分词作表语：过去分词作表语：The window The window is brokenis broken.窗户破了。窗户破了。They were They were frightenedfrightened at the sad sight.at the sad sight.他们对眼前悲惨他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。的景象感到很害怕。注意：注意：be+be+过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被过去分词，如果表

41、示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：动的动作是被动语态。区别：The window The window is brokenis broken.（系表）（系表）The window The window was broken by the boywas broken by the boy.（被动）（被动）有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。boiled water;fallen leavesboiled water;fallen leaves（落叶）（落叶）newly arrived newly ar

42、rived goodsgoods（新到的货（新到的货);the risen sun);the risen sun（升起的太阳）（升起的太阳）;the the changed worldchanged world（变了的世界）（变了的世界）这类过去分词有：这类过去分词有：gone,come,fallen,risen,changed,gone,come,fallen,risen,changed,arrived,returned,passedarrived,returned,passed等。等。3 3过去分词作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语：I heard the song I heard the

43、 song sungsung several times last week.several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。有时过去分词做有时过去分词做withwith短语中的宾语补足语：短语中的宾语补足语：With the work doneWith the work done,they went out to play.,they went out to play.工作做工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。完了，他们出去玩去了。4 4过去分词作状语：过去分词作状语：PraisedPraised by the neighbours by

44、the neighbours,he became the pride,he became the pride of his parents.of his parents.受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）Once Once seenseen,it can never be forgotten.,it can never be forgotten.一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）Given more timeGiven more time,Ill be able to do it bet

45、ter.,Ill be able to do it better.如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）Though Though told of the dangertold of the danger,he still risked his life,he still risked his life to save the boy.to save the boy.虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）让步）FilledFilled with hopes and fears,he entered the with hopes and fears,he entered the cave.cave.心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。