遗尿的病因和发病机制示范课件.ppt
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1、遗尿的病因和发病机制(优选)遗尿的病因和发病机制定义 遗 尿 俗 称“尿 床”,是 一 种不 随 意 的 排 尿,临 床 上 系 指 睡眠 时 不 自 觉 地 排 尿 于 床 上。分分 类类原发性遗尿症 尿床从出生开始,其中不尿床的时间不超过6个月。继发性遗尿症 有过大于6个月的无尿床后,出现尿床。分 类夜间遗尿症日间遗尿症混合性遗尿症单纯性遗尿症复杂性遗尿症原发性夜间遗尿症(PNE)大于5岁的儿童,自出生起发生的夜间尿床,每周尿床大于2次,不伴有器质性疾病和其他泌尿系统症状。International Childrens Continence SocietyMNE standardisati
2、on documentAn attempt to reach a consensus on recommended evaluation and treatment of children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis,based on the evidence and experience available in 2009ICCS website:www.i-c-c-s.orgEndorsement also from the AAP,ESPU and ICSEvaluation and treatment of monosymptomat
3、ic enuresis-a standardisation docu-ment from the International Childrens Continence Society(ICCS).Nevus T,Eggert P,Evans J,Macedo Jr A,Rittig S,Tekgl S,Vande Walle J,Yeung CK,Robson L.2009Terminology 定义IncontinenceUncontrollable leakage of urineContinous/intermittent Daytime/nightime/sleepingEnuresi
4、sIntermittent urinary incontinence while asleep in a child at least five years of agePrimary Has never been continually dry for more than 6 monthsSecondary Terminology 定义Monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis Enuresis in a child without any other lower urinary tract symptomsNonmonosymptomatic nocturnal
5、enuresisEnuresis in a child with LUT sympotms e.g.urgency,frequency,daytime incontinence.BUTPathogenesis,evaluation and treatment overlap between MNE and NMNE遗 尿 发 病 率Nocturnal Enuresis EpidemiologyPNE 流行病学特征原发性遗尿症(PNE)在儿童和青少年中常见15%at aged 510%at aged 7 7%at aged 101.5 2%adults自发缓解率 15%per year随着年龄的
6、增长Prevalence decreasesFrequency and severity increasesThose with severe PNE is more likely to have persistent problems in adulthood?Severity of PNE in HK School ChildrenYeung et al.BJU Int 2006;97:10691073小儿遗尿症问卷调查结果小儿遗尿症问卷调查结果 上海上海 2000年年 静安、徐汇、卢湾 7所小学年龄(岁)遗尿人数(人)问卷人数(人)患病率(%)667470.87138781.488771
7、20.989910020.90101312681.0总数4846071.04其他报道目前我国还未有过大规模的遗尿患病率调查多局限在省内(如河南、山东)儿童遗尿症的高发年龄段为512岁不规则曲线4例,占1.可能提示补充DDAVP治疗的患儿停药后复发的原因DDAVP responders have more urine than control during wet nights Scan J Urol Nephrol 1995;S173:7779定义 Terminology73%functional bladder outflow obstruction注:A:治疗前 P1:治疗后第一次随访 P
8、2:治疗后第二次随访Increased solute excretion may also cause nocturnal polyuria and not responding to DDAVP复旦大学小儿遗尿诊治中心唤醒困难 70%几乎不能提示逼尿肌不稳定收缩及膀胱内压力父母双方均有PNE 70%HK enuretic children had more superficial sleep but did not wake up before voiding南京军区解放军总医院儿科遗尿发生在深睡期或一个睡眠时相转入另一个时相时Pathogenesis,evaluation and trea
9、tment overlap between MNE and NMNEEndorsement also from the AAP,ESPU and ICSFrequency and severity increasesStaccato曲线37例,占15.地区 江、浙、沪(86%)2009第二届全国小儿遗尿研讨会2009.患病率差异大的原因 对遗尿的定义分类不统一 采取的标准不统一年龄段的选择不同人口组成差异、文化差异及对遗尿认识、重视度的差异等 遗尿的病因和发病机制遗尿(原发性/继发性遗尿)定义 Terminology流行病学 Epidemiology病因病因/发病机制发病机制 Etiologi
10、es/Pathogenesis是否需要治疗?Need medical attention why?临床评估和治疗方法 Clinical assessment and treatment我们以往工作 Shanghai experience病因病因/发病机制发病机制 遗传遗传 尽管夜间膀胱充盈或逼尿肌收缩仍不能醒来 inability to wake up from sleep despite nocturnal bladder(over)filling and/or nocturnal detrusor contractions高睡眠唤醒域高睡眠唤醒域夜间膀胱容量减少夜间膀胱容量减少 夜间多尿夜
11、间多尿发病机制遗传因素过深的睡眠夜间尿量增加和ADH的分泌减少夜间膀胱容量减少、夜间逼尿肌收缩行为心理因素?遗传丹麦基因研究中心 遗尿基因第13对染色体父母双方均有PNE 70%父母一方有PNE 40%睡眠1950年StromOlsom提出 遗尿发生在深睡期或一个睡眠时相转入另一个时相时近期研究 可发生于任何一个睡眠时相临床观察 睡眠过深 不易唤醒Sleep Arousal Most parents deeply believe their enuretic children are“deep sleepers”;they are the first to suggest this cause
12、Conflicting result on polysomnography(do not correlate with arousability)No differences Sleep.25:579583Subtle changes of deeper sleep Scand J Urol Nephrol 2000.34:294302HK enuretic children had more superficial sleep but did not wake up before voidingYeung et al.N Engl J Med 2008:358:24142415夜间尿量增加夜
13、间抗利尿激素分泌不足对精氨酸加压素(DDAVP)不敏感夜间多尿 结果有争议 Conflicting resultsDDAVP responders have more urine than control during wet nights Scan J Urol Nephrol 1995;S173:7779Unselected enuretic children did not uniformly show nocturnal polyuria J Pediatr.2007;151:574580Nocturnal urine production is greater on wet nigh
14、ts than dry nights suggesting a fluctuating phenomenon of the circadian defect Scand J Urol Nephrol.1997;183:25Increased solute excretion may also cause nocturnal polyuria and not responding to DDAVP J Urol.2007;178:10481052尿流率检测 患儿饮水,有强烈尿意时在不受干扰的环境中采取自然体位排尿于尿流率测量仪器上,电脑记录结果。Frequency and severity in
15、creases定义 Terminology电脑游戏形式训练(行为治疗)Frequency and severity increases“儿童遗尿症的防治策略”的公益课堂是否需要治疗?Need medical attention why?通过回顾性分析探讨原发性遗尿症患儿尿流率的类型、特点及尿流率与尿动力检查结果的符合性20 PNE adults(19 no bladder symptoms)Intermittent urinary incontinence while asleep in a child at least five years of age对精氨酸加压素(DDAVP)不敏感Su
16、btle changes of deeper sleep Scand J Urol Nephrol 2000.20 PNE adults(19 no bladder symptoms)检测PNE患儿尿液AQP2水平,探讨反映PNE水平衡紊乱的无创的临床检测方法遗尿发生在深睡期或一个睡眠时相转入另一个时相时原发性遗尿症儿童尿液中Aquaporin2的检测DDAVP肾脏集合管主细胞内囊泡上AQP2蛋白转移至管腔侧细胞膜上管腔侧细胞膜上AQP2蛋白量增多对水的转运增加Yeung 33/95例白天尿动力学检查正常而夜晚熟睡时逼尿肌不稳定和功能性膀胱容量减小,62/95例出现白天尿动力学检查异常An a
17、ttempt to reach a consensus on recommended evaluation and treatment of children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis,based on the evidence and experience available in 2009Daytime/nightime/sleepingBEH:行为 ISS:智力与学校情况 PAA:躯体外貌与属性N Engl J Med 2008:358:24142415夜间膀胱容量下降Conflicting resultSmall functiona
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