高考英语复习：阅读理解细节理解题课件.ppt

1、高考英语复习：阅读理解高考英语复习：阅读理解细节理解题细节理解题要想顺利解答高考英语阅读理解，考生必须具备高中英语新课程标准规定要达到的词汇量和固定短语量，熟悉语法结构，拓宽知识面，熟悉各种题材和体裁的文章，提高阅读速度，提高通过阅读获取信息的能力。此外，在复习中，还应该注意以下几点：一、速读全文，了解大意知主题阅读的目的是获取信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。高考要求的阅读速度大约是每分钟60个词。考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词(key words)、主题句(topic sentence)，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章

2、脉络，把握语篇实质，掌握文章大意。阅读时读者没有必要研读全文，速读的诀窍在于浏览文章的内容提要、前言、标题、副标题、插图、表格、开头和结尾等部分，这样就可以把握文章大意了。许多文章在第一段提出问题，在中间段落进行分析、例证，最后一段是归纳结论。抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。二、详读细节，理顺思路与脉络文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；议论文则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用

3、“画图列表法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。三、抓住主干，化解难句捕信息要实现快速、准确地理解文章大意，就要学会抓句子的关键成分，即句子的主干成分，如主语、谓语和宾语，因为它们是传达信息的主要载体，其他成分，不论它有多么长，多么复杂，都是辅助成分。要说明的核心问题是，我们阅读英语文章时，一定要有一个全局观念，从宏观上来把握文章，做到了这一点，我们面对各类文章的各类题型都能够从容应对。比如：Another element in the emergence of prodigies(神童)，I found，is a society that values excellence in

4、 a certain field and is able nurture talent.只要我们抓住了“Another element is society.”就可以得知，社会是神童出现的一个因素。四、熟知技巧，轻松应考走捷径分析历届阅读理解题，可以发现命题者命制的考点是有一定规律的，且考点规律常与某种题型(主旨归纳题、细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题)相对应。如果考生掌握了这些规律，就能在第一遍快速阅读短文时，敏锐地捕捉到考点并能预测可能会出的题型。下面，将这些考点的规律及对应题型归纳如下：考点规律(1)举例子、打比喻处常考为了使自己的观点更明确、更有说服力，作者经常用具体的事例打比方，句

5、中常由as，such as，for example，for instance等引导的短语或句子作为举例，这些例句或比喻成为命题者提问的焦点。考生需注意的是例子或比喻一般是和文章或段落中心紧密相关的，常以“细节事实型”题型和“推断型”题型出现，但倾向于“推断型”题型。考点规律(2)引用人物论断处常考作者为了正确表达出自己的观点或使论点更有依据，常常引用某名人的论断或重要发现等。命题者常在此处设问，多以“推理型”题为主，有时也会设置“细节事实性”题型。考点规律(3)转折处与对比处常考一般而言，转折后的内容常常是语义的重点，命题者常对转折处的内容进行提问。转折一般通过however，but，yet，

6、in fact等词或短语来引导。对比常由unlike，until，not so much.as等词或短语引导。命题者常对用来对比的双方的属性进行考查。比如文章中说甲具有X属性，但乙与甲不同，问：乙有何属性？答：非X属性。此类考点常出现在逻辑推理型题中，少数出现于其他题型中。考点规律(4)复杂句式处常考复杂句常是命题者出题之处，包括同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句，以及从句、不定式、副词等。命题者主要考查考生对句子间的指代关系、对文章段落间的逻辑关系的理解，常以逻辑推理题型出现，包括少量其他题型。考点规律(5)因果句处常考命题者常以文中的因果句命制一些考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系的试题，或出些

7、概括文意、段意的试题。一般以“推理型”题型和“主旨大意型”题型出现，兼顾少量其他题型。表示因果关系的词有：because，since，for，as，therefore，consequently，result in，originate from等。考点规律(6)特殊标点符号处常考由于特殊标点符号后的内容是对前面内容的进一步解释和说明，因此命题者常以标点符号后的内容进行提问。具体来说，特殊标点符号包括：破折号(表解释)；括号(表解释)；冒号(表解释)；引号(表引用)。题型一般有推理判断题、主旨大意题、细节理解题等。考点规律(7)段首、段尾句处常考在文章中首段首句或末段末句往往是文章中心思想的表达处

8、；有时某一段的段首、段尾句是该段的主题句。因此，命题者常在这些地方出题。题型基本上属主旨大意型。考点规律(8)最高级与绝对性词汇处常考文中若出现must，all，only，anyone，always，never等绝对性词汇，或形容词与副词的最高级形式，往往是考点所在处，一般出“细节型问题”。因为这些地方概念绝对、答案唯一，无论是命题还是答题，都不会产生歧义。以上分析基本上概括了历届阅读理解题考点常考处及其对应题型。考生掌握了这些规律，在读文章时，就要在这些考点常出现的地方做些记号。阅读完后，这些做记号的地方基本上就是出题的地方。然后再对照后面的题目，一一找到相对应的考点，再逐一解答。这样就避免

9、做一题，看一下整个段落，甚至全文，从而节省了时间。A(2019全国卷，A)My Favourite BooksJo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and coauthor of the This Book Will series(系列)of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads.MatildaRoald DahlI once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahls writing and it gave me a new

10、appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds.Matildas battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress，Miss Trunchbull，are equally funny and frightening，but theyre also aspirational.After DarkHaruki MurakamiIts about two sistersEri，a model who either wont or cant stop sleeping，and Mar

11、i，a young student.In trying to connect to her sister，Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse“night people”who are hidingsecrets.Gone GirlGillian FlynnThere was a bit of me that didnt want to love this when everyone else on the planet did，but the horror story is brilliant.There

12、s tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust.Its a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise whats going on is horribly enjoyable.The StandStephen KingThis is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around.After a serious flu outbreak w

13、ipes out 99.4%of the worlds population，a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left.Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.文章大意：主题：人与社会(文学)；话题：推荐好书。本文是一篇应用文。著名作家Jo Usmar向读者介绍了几本她最喜欢的书。1Who does“I”refer to in the text？_AStephen King.BGillian Flynn.CJo Usmar.DRoald Dahl.解析：细节理

14、解题。根据第一段的最后一句“Here she picks her top reads.”可知，Jo Usmar在下文要为读者推荐几本她最喜欢的书，这说明下文中的“I”指的就是Jo Usmar。C 2Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri？_ACosmopolitan.BMatilda.CAfter Dark.DThe Stand.解析：细节理解题。根据After Dark部分中的“Its about two sistersEri.Mari.”可知，After Dark讲述了Mari和Eri的故事。3What kind of book is

15、 Gone Girl？_AA folk tale.BA biography.CA love story.DA horror story.解析：细节理解题。根据Gone Girl部分中的“.the horror story is brilliant.”可知，Gone Girl这本书属于恐怖故事。C D B(2019北京卷，A)Want to explore new cultures，meet new people and do something worthwhile at the same time？You can do all the three with Global Developmen

16、t Association(GDA)Whatever stage of life youre at，wherever you go and whatever project you do in GDA，youll create positive changes in a poor and remote community(社区)We work with volunteers of all ages and backgrounds.Most of our volunteers are aged 1724.Now we need volunteer managers aged 2575.They

17、are extremely important in the safe and effective running of our programmes.We have such roles as project managers，mountain leaders，and communication officers.Depending on which role you choose，you could help to increase a communitys access to safe drinking water，or help to protect valuable local cu

18、ltures.You might also design an adventure challenge to train young volunteers.Not only will you help our young volunteers to develop personally，youll also learn new skills and increase your cultural awareness.You may have chances to meet new people wholl become your lifelong friends.This summer we h

19、ave both 4week and 7week programmes：GDA ensures that volunteers work with community members and local project partners where our help is needed.All our projects aim to promote the development of poor and remote communities.There is no other chance like a GDA programme.Join us as a volunteer manager

20、to develop your own skills while bringing benefits to the communities.Find out more about joining a GDA programme：Website：www.glodeve.orgEmail：humanresources glodeve.org文章大意：主题：人与社会(社会服务与人际沟通)；话题：帮扶贫困偏远地区。本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了GDA项目并为该项目招募志愿管理人员。本语篇题材丰富，涉及志愿项目、前沿科技、人文、社会现象等，覆盖面广。4What is the main responsibi

21、lity of volunteer managers？_ATo seek local partners.BTo take in young volunteers.CTo carry out programmes.DTo foster cultural awareness.解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词volunteer managers可直接定位到语篇第二段第三、四句，根据其内容可知，他们对于GDA项目的安全有效运行起着非常重要的作用，所以C项“执行项目”为正确选项。C 5The programme beginning in August will operate in_.AEgyptB

22、AlgeriaCKenyaDSouth Africa解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词beginning in August 可直接定位到活动项目日程表的最后一栏，根据本部分中的关键信息South Africa2 Aug.29 Aug.可知，8月份开始的项目是在南非。D 6The shared goal of GDAs projects is to _.Aexplore new culturesBprotect the environmentCgain corporate benefitsDhelp communities in need解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词shared go

23、al of GDAs projects可直接定位到日程表下面语段的最后一句，根据本句内容可知，该项目的目的是促进贫困偏远地区的发展，故D项“帮助处于困境的地区”为正确选项。D(1)文章细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。(2)命题人员会要求考生根据不同的要求，阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。(3)这类试题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右。考 纲 解 读.把握细节理解题的常见设问方式：(1)特殊疑问句形式：以when，where，what，which，who

24、，how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题。(2)判断是非的形式：含有True/False，Not true或EXCEPT等词的判断是非问题。(3)填空题形式：通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节。(4)就文中数字、排序等提问。.明晰细节理解题的考查角度：(1)高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。(2)低频考点：数字计算题；正误判断题；细节排序题。考 查 特 点选项特征解题流程细节理解题无论以怎样的方式提问，考生都要记住一个解题原则“本本主义”，一切从原文出发，无需读很多段落甚至全文后去归纳总结、分析推理，正确答案就对应原文的某一处具体信息。第一步审读题干和选项，回到原文定信息区间通过题干或选

25、项中的关键词找到定位点，开始精读文章直到下一题的定位区域出现。只有两种情况需要向上找寻信息：定位到的信息为数字串，或举例说明部分；出现了逻辑关系词(therefore,so,as a result)或代词(that,these,it)。第二步将选项和原文一一对比，求同排异定答案利用“同义原则”，找出原文中与正确选项匹配的同义词组，将原文出现的信息和选项进行比对，确定正确选项。做任何阅读理解题都不是找感觉，本质上是找同义词，解题时找出的同义词组越多，答案就越准确，这是解答细节理解题的基本方法。(2019全国卷，A)Need a Job This Summer?The provincial gov

26、ernment and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs.The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.Not a student？Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills，find a job or start busines

27、ses all year round.典 例Jobs for YouthIf you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province，you could be eligible(符合条件)for this program，which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.Who is eligible：Youth 1518 years old in select communities(社区)Summer CompanySummer Company p

28、rovides students with handson business training and awards of up to$3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.Who is eligible：Students aged 1529，returning to school in the fall.Stewardship Youth Ranger ProgramYou could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resourc

29、e management projects for eight weeks this summer.Who is eligible：Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire，but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.Summer Employment Opportunities(机会)Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program，students are hired each year in a variety of summer position

30、s across the Provincial Public Service，its related agencies and community groups.Who is eligible：Students aged 15 or older.Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.1What is special about Summer Company?AIt requires no training before employment.BIt pro

31、vides awards for running new businesses.CIt allows one to work in the natural environment.DIt offers more summer job opportunities.2What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?A1518.B1524.C1529.D1617.3Which program favors the disabled?AJobs for Youth.BSummer Company.CStewardsh

32、ip Youth Ranger Program.DSummer Employment Opportunities.解题思路第1题，根据题干关键词Summer Company可迅速定位到原文信息句Summer Company provides students with handson business training and awards of$3,000 to start and run their own business.可知，这个项目为学生提供实际业务培训和高达三千美元的奖金，故选_B_。第2题，根据题干关键词the age range和Stewardship Youth Range

33、r Program快速定位到原文信息句“Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire，but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.”可知，这个项目的年龄要求是16岁或17岁，且在今年12月31日前不能满18岁，故选_D_。第3题，根据题干中的关键词the disabled(残疾人)可直接定位到最后一则暑期工作公告中的persons with a disability，由此可知这个项目对残疾人在年龄方面给予了特别照顾。故选_D_。(2018全国卷B片段).When combined with berries or

34、 slices of other fruits，frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick，cooling fruit shakes and low fat“ice cream”For this purpose，select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze.If you like，a squeeze of fresh lemon j

35、uice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.Frozen bananas will last several weeks，depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.典 例Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?ATo make them smell better.BTo keep their colour.CTo speed up their ripening.DTo improve thei

36、r nutrition.解题思路仔细阅读题干可知fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas为本题的定位关键词，在原文中的If you like，a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.可知，香蕉中放入少量的鲜柠檬汁可以使其不变棕色。故选_B_。(2018全国卷，C片段)At present,the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution of these languages is

37、hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages,often spoken by many people,while hot,wet zones have lost,often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages;the Americas about 1,000;Africa 2,400;and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200,of which Papua New

38、 Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number(中位数)of speakers is a mere 6,000,which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.典 例How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?AAbout 6,800.BAbout 3,400.CAbout 2,400.DAbout 1,200.解题思路根据题

39、干中的关键词less than 6,000 people at present可定位到第三段最后一句The median number(中位数)of speakers is a mere 6,000，which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that可知，目前在世界范围内，不同语言的使用人数的中位数是6 000，这就意味着世界上有一半的语言的使用人数不到6 000。结合第三段第一句At present，the world has about 6,800 languages，我们可以计算出

40、一共有6 800种语言的一半，即3 400种语言在被不到6 000人使用。故选_B_。(2017天津卷，B片段)Fifteen years ago,I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy.After climbing up a hill for a panoramic(全景的)view of the blue sea,white buildings and green olive trees,I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the bes

41、t photo of this panorama.Unfortunately,just as I took out my camera,a woman approached from behind,and planted herself right in front of my view.Like me,this woman was here to stop,sigh and appreciate the view.典 例Patient as I was,after about 15 minutes,my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the sh

42、ot I would eventually take,I grew frustrated.Was it too much to ask her to move so I could take just one picture of the landscape?Sure,I could have asked her,but something prevented me from doing so.She seemed so content in her observation.I didnt want to mess with that.Another 15 minutes passed and

43、 I grew bored.The woman was still there.I decided to take the photo anyway.And now when I look at it,I think her presence in the photo is what makes the image interesting.The landscape,beautiful on its own,somehow comes to life and breathes because this woman is engaging with it.According to the aut

44、hor,the woman was probably _.Aenjoying herselfBlosing her patienceCwaiting for the sunsetDthinking about her past解题思路根据关键词A项enjoying herself可定位到第三段倒数第二句话She seemed so content in her observation可知，这位女士玩得很愉快(enjoy herself)与信息句她很满意(content)相符。B项张冠李戴，根据第四段中的“Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored.”可知，作者又等了15分钟，渐渐感到有些厌烦，这说明作者正失去耐心，而不是那位女士正失去耐心；C项无中生有，文章并没有提及那位女士等待日落；D项无中生有，文章没有提及那位女士想起她的过去。故选_A_。