生物化学考研课件-第7章.ppt
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1、课程内容课程内容核酸部分核酸部分 静态生物化学静态生物化学 核酸的研究历史核酸的研究历史 核酸的结构核酸的结构 核酸的性质核酸的性质 动态生物化学动态生物化学 核酸的降解与核苷酸代谢核酸的降解与核苷酸代谢核酸核酸 核酸研究史核酸研究史 核苷酸是核酸的基本结构核苷酸是核酸的基本结构 DNA和和 RNA结构结构 核酸性质核酸性质DNA是遗传物质是遗传物质(1953前前)MiescherTechnologyChromosomesProof linking chromosomes and traitsGriffithAvery,Macleod,McCartyWatson,Crick,Wilkins,F
2、ranklinHershey,ChaseChargaff186919001928194419521953核酸研究史核酸研究史(1953前前)1869 瑞士的医生和生物学家弗里德里希瑞士的医生和生物学家弗里德里希Miescher从白血细胞的细胞核从白血细胞的细胞核发现发现“核素核素”。1889 由李察Altmann第一次使用术语“核酸”。1920s 四核苷酸假说四核苷酸假说被提出被提出。1938 阿斯特伯里和贝尔公开发表第一个的X-射线衍射图案DNA,表明DNA的结构是有周期性的。1944 埃弗里,麦克劳德,和McCarty证明DNA可以“转变”细胞。1940s后期 欧文Chargaff用纸色谱
3、分离DNA水解物。腺嘌呤与胸腺嘧啶量相同,鸟嘌呤的量和胞嘧啶的量相同。1951 Furberg发表一个核苷的晶体结构。1952 Hershey和和Chase确认确认DNA是遗传物质。是遗传物质。1953 沃森和克里克确定沃森和克里克确定DNA结构。结构。DNA研究史研究史 1869 DNA was first identified by Friedrich Miescher,a Swiss biologist.He called the substance nuclein,noted the presence of phosphorous,and separated the substance
4、 into an acidic part(which we now know is DNA)and a basic part(a class of basic proteins that bind to acidic DNA).1889 The term“nucleic acid”was first used by Richard Altmann,a German pathologist and histologist.Friedrich Miescher Friedrich Miescher(Swiss,1844-1895)Intelligent from early age but ver
5、y shy Studied at the University of Tbingen(图宾根图宾根大学大学)under Hoppe-Seyler,considered the father of biochemistryFriedrich Mieschers discovery He examined used bandages obtained from a hospital caring for the wounded of the Crimean War(克里米亚克里米亚战争战争)in hope of finding something interesting He discovered
6、 a substance containing both phosphorus and nitrogen,made up of molecules that were apparently very large,in the nuclei of white blood cells found in pus Named the substance nuclein because it seemed to come from cell nuclei.In 1874 when Miescher separated it into a protein and an acid molecule.It i
7、s now known as deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)Hoppe-Seyler This substance was so unusual that Hoppe-Seyler repeated the work himself before allowing Miescher to publish the paper on the discovery He found an excellent(and more pleasant)source of nuclear material in the sperm of the salmon The nuclei are
8、large in any sperm cells,remarkably so in the salmons From these he first extracted a pure DNATetranucleotide Hypothesis Phoebus Levene(Russian-American,1869-1940)(sugar in DNA and chemical bond)He worked with Albrecht Kossel(base,Nobel Prize)and Emil Fischer,the nucleic acid and protein experts at
9、the turn of the 20th.centuryTetranucleotide Hypothesis Nucleicacid is a repetitive polymer of four subunits A:C:G:T in the ratio 1:1:1:1 =structure seems too simple to carry information Frederick Griffith In 1928,Griffiths experiment involved mice and two types of pneumonia,a virulent and a non-viru
10、lent kind.He injected the virulent pneumonia into a mouse and the mouse died.Next he injected the non-virulent pneumonia into a mouse and the mouse continued to live.After this,he heated up the virulent disease to kill it and then injected it into a mouse.The mouse lived on.Last he injected non-viru
11、lent pneumonia and virulent pneumonia,that had been heated and killed,into a mouse.This mouse died.GriffithsTransformationExperimentPneumococcus bacteria include two strains,a virulent IIIS strain with a Smooth coat that kills mice(left),and a non-virulent IIR Rough strain that does not(middle).Heat
12、ing destroys the virulence of IIIS(right).When heat-killed IIIS is mixed with live IIR and injected into mice,the mouse dies,and its tissue contains living bacteria with smooth coats like IIIS,and these bacteria are subsequently virulent to mice.Something in the heat-killed IIIS bacteria has transfo
13、rmed the biological and hereditary properties of the IIR bacteria.Why?Griffith thought that the killed virulent bacteria had passed on a characteristic to the non-virulent one to make it virulent.He thought that this characteristic was the inheritance molecule.This passing on of the inheritance mole
14、cule was what he called transformation.In the early 1940s Oswald T.Avery and Maclyn McCarty,a colleague at the Rockefeller Institute Hospital,began concentrating on the problem of Pneumococcal transformation.“Transforming Principle”identified as DNAIn this experiment he destroyed the lipids,ribonucl
15、eic acids,carbohydrates,and proteins of the virulent Pneumonia.Transformation still occurred after this.Next he destroyed the deoxyribonucleic acid.Transformation did not occur.Avery had found the inheritance molecule,DNA!肺炎球菌转化试验肺炎球菌转化试验Averys isolation of the Transforming PrincipleAvery repeated G
16、riffiths experiment of combining heat-killed virulent IIIS bacteria with non-virulent IIR bacteria.In order to isolate the transforming substance,he fractionated the heat-killed IIIS cells and selectively removed carbohydrates and lipids,leaving behind proteins and nucleic acids.Biochemical assays f
17、or transformationTreatment with proteolytic enzymes(trypsin,chymotrypsin)did not have any effect on the transformation activity.Treatment with ribonuclease(known to digest RNA)had no effect on the transformation activity.Treatment with deoxyribonuclease(known to digest DNA)destroyed the transformati
18、on activity.Detailed mechanismErwin Chargaff To understand the DNA molecule better,scientists were trying to make a model to understand how it works and what it does.In the 1940s another scientist named Erwin Chargaff noticed a pattern in the amounts of the four bases:adenine,guanine,cytosine,and th
19、ymine.He took samples of DNA of different cells and found that the amount of adenine was almost equal to the amount of thymine,and that the amount of guanine was almost equal to the amount of cytosine.Thus you could say:A=T,and G=C.This discovery later became Chargaffs Rule.DNA碱基组成的碱基组成的Chargaff规则规则
20、 Chargaff首先注意到首先注意到DNA碱基组成的某些规律性,在碱基组成的某些规律性,在1950年总结出年总结出DNA碱基组成的规律:碱基组成的规律:腺嘌呤和胸腺嘧啶的摩尔数相等,即腺嘌呤和胸腺嘧啶的摩尔数相等,即 A=T。鸟嘌呤和胞嘧啶的摩尔数也相等,即鸟嘌呤和胞嘧啶的摩尔数也相等,即G=C。含氨基的碱基总数等于含酮基碱基总数,即含氨基的碱基总数等于含酮基碱基总数,即A+C=G+T。嘌呤的总数等于嘧啶的总数,即嘌呤的总数等于嘧啶的总数,即A+G=C+T。Hershey&Chase(1952)blender experiment Bacteriophages are grown in ra
21、dioactive medium proteins labeled with 35S DNA labeled with 32P during transformation of E.coli by bacteriophages,32P goes in,35S stays out =DNA is the transforming principle T1Bacteriophages(Phage)Bacteriophages are viruses that attack bacteria.They attach to the outside membrane of bacteria by mea
22、ns of the thin tail:the round head contains DNA.The name means bacteria eaters and is commonly shortened to just phage.Early biochemical and genetic studies of phage are the foundations of modern molecular biology.TheHershey&ChaseExperimentGrowing bacteriophage was differentially labelled with radio
23、active phosphorus(which labelsnucleicacid)or radioactive sulfur(which labels protein)TheHershey&ChaseExperimentAnalysis of the bacterial and supernatant fractions afterward shows that phosphorus-labelledDNA inside the phage shows up in bacteria(left),whereas the sulfur-labelledprotein in the externa
24、l coat remains in the supernatant(right).Further,bacteria with labelled DNA go on to produce progeny phage that are also labelled.This biological experiment confirms Averys conclusion that DNA is the transformingsubstance,andshowsthattransformationisheritable.History of Nucleic Acids(after 1953)核酸的研
25、究历史核酸的研究历史1953 沃森和克里克确定沃森和克里克确定DNA结构结构1958 弗兰西斯Crick提出了“生物分子的中心法则”1969 整个基因密码被确定1972 第一个重组DNA分子被构建1982 四膜虫的核糖体RNA剪接表现出自我剪接1986 RNA 被发现起到了酶的作用1995 第一个完整的基因组测序的细菌-嗜血杆菌Haemophilus influenzae2001 美国国立卫生研究院和赛莱拉基因组完成了人类基因组测序Franklin&Wilkins X-ray Crystallography Two scientists named,Rosalind Franklin and
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