医学英语写作写作chapter课件.ppt

1、医学英语写作写作医学英语写作写作chapter幻灯片幻灯片contentsl人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述l人体各器官位置的描述方式人体各器官位置的描述方式l人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞构造的描述人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞构造的描述l医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式l投稿信投稿信(cover letter)(cover letter)的写作的写作人体器官、血液和细菌的形人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述状和特征的描述 l1 1表示形状的句型：表示形状的句型：1 1名词名词+be+shaped like+be+sha

2、ped like+名词名词表示某器官或物体的形状表示某器官或物体的形状“象象，或，或“呈呈形。形。例：例：The heart is shaped like a cone.The heart is shaped like a cone.心心脏呈圆锥形。脏呈圆锥形。l2 2名词名词+be+be+名词名词-shaped+-shaped+名词名词表示某个器官或物体表示某个器官或物体“是个是个形状的器官形状的器官或物体。或物体。例：例：The diaphragm is a dome-shaped The diaphragm is a dome-shaped organ.organ.膈是一个圆顶状的器官。

3、膈是一个圆顶状的器官。l3 3名词名词+be+a,an+be+a,an+形容词形容词+organ+organ也表示某器官或某物体也表示某器官或某物体“是是形状的器官形状的器官或物体。或物体。例：例：The small intestine is a long,The small intestine is a long,tubular organ.tubular organ.小肠是长管形器官。小肠是长管形器官。l2 2表示特征的句型：表示特征的句型：名词名词+be+be+形容词形容词表示某器官或某物体表示某器官或某物体“具有具有特征或作特征或作用。用。例：例：Monocytes are phago

4、cytic.Monocytes are phagocytic.单核细胞单核细胞具有吞噬作用。具有吞噬作用。Some tissues are elastic.Some tissues are elastic.一些组织具有一些组织具有弹性。弹性。l3 3用于比较和对照的连接词：用于比较和对照的连接词：1 1bothandbothand例：例：Both erythrocytes and leucocytes Both erythrocytes and leucocytes are flexible.are flexible.红细胞和白细胞都具有伸缩性。红细胞和白细胞都具有伸缩性。2 2neither

5、norneithernor例：例：Neither erythrocytes nor leucocytes Neither erythrocytes nor leucocytes are adhesive.are adhesive.红细胞和白细胞没有粘着性。红细胞和白细胞没有粘着性。l3 3but;whereasbut;whereas例：例：Platelets are adhesive but/whereas Platelets are adhesive but/whereas erythrocytes are not.erythrocytes are not.血小板具有粘着性而血小板具有粘着性

6、而红细胞那么没有。红细胞那么没有。4 4however;on the other handhowever;on the other hand例：例：Leucocytes are phagocytic,Leucocytes are phagocytic,erythrocytes,however/on the other erythrocytes,however/on the other hand,are not.hand,are not.白细胞具有吞噬作用，而红白细胞具有吞噬作用，而红细胞那么没有。细胞那么没有。l4 4用于进一步说明同一事物的短语及略语：用于进一步说明同一事物的短语及略语：In

7、 other words;i.e.In other words;i.e.例：例：Some cells and molecules can pass Some cells and molecules can pass through capillary walls,in other words,through capillary walls,in other words,capillaries are permeable.capillaries are permeable.有些细胞和分子有些细胞和分子能通过毛细血管壁，换句话说，毛细血管具有能通过毛细血管壁，换句话说，毛细血管具有通透性。通透性。

8、Arteries are long,tubular blood vessels Arteries are long,tubular blood vessels which can bend and stretch,i.e.they are which can bend and stretch,i.e.they are flexible and elastic.flexible and elastic.动脉是长管形血管，能动脉是长管形血管，能弯曲，能伸展，也就是说，既柔韧又有弹性。弯曲，能伸展，也就是说，既柔韧又有弹性。l5 5用于例证的短语和略语：用于例证的短语和略语：for example;

9、e.g.for example;e.g.例：例：The white cells include a number of The white cells include a number of various types.Some of them,for various types.Some of them,for example,have nuclei which are irregular example,have nuclei which are irregular in shape.in shape.白细胞包括许多类型，如，某些白白细胞包括许多类型，如，某些白细胞具有不规那么的核。细胞具

10、有不规那么的核。The gonococcus and meningococcus,for The gonococcus and meningococcus,for example,are coffee-bean shaped.example,are coffee-bean shaped.例如，例如，淋球菌和脑膜炎球菌都呈咖啡豆形。淋球菌和脑膜炎球菌都呈咖啡豆形。l6 6用于表述事物名称的短语：用于表述事物名称的短语：be called;be known asbe called;be known as例：例：The red cells,which are called The red cells

11、,which are called erythrocytes,are rather small and have erythrocytes,are rather small and have no nuclei.no nuclei.红细胞，也叫做红血球，很小而红细胞，也叫做红血球，很小而无核。无核。The cylindrical bacteria are known as The cylindrical bacteria are known as bacilli.bacilli.圆柱形细菌被称为杆菌。圆柱形细菌被称为杆菌。人体各器官位置的描述方式人体各器官位置的描述方式l 1 1be+be+介

12、词短语介词短语表示某器官或物体在什么地方。表示某器官或物体在什么地方。例：例：The gallbladder is below the liver.The gallbladder is below the liver.胆囊在肝脏下面。胆囊在肝脏下面。2 2lie+lie+介词短语介词短语表示某器官或物体在什么地方。表示某器官或物体在什么地方。例：例：The stomach lies between the liver The stomach lies between the liver and the spleen.and the spleen.胃位于肝和脾之间。胃位于肝和脾之间。l3 3be

13、+located(be+located(或或situated)situated)也表示某器官或物体位于什么地方。也表示某器官或物体位于什么地方。例：例：The cervical vertebrae are located The cervical vertebrae are located at the top end of the vertebral column.at the top end of the vertebral column.颈椎位于脊柱的顶端。颈椎位于脊柱的顶端。The heart is situated immediately The heart is situated

14、immediately behind the sternum.behind the sternum.心脏紧靠在胸骨之后。心脏紧靠在胸骨之后。l4 4be related to+be related to+名词；名词；be in contact be in contact with+with+名词名词表示某器官与另一器官相接触或相邻。表示某器官与另一器官相接触或相邻。例：例：The transverse colon is related The transverse colon is related anterosuperiorly to the liver.anterosuperiorly t

15、o the liver.横结肠的前横结肠的前上方与肝脏相接触。上方与肝脏相接触。l5 5extend+from+extend+from+名词名词+to+to+名词名词表示某器官从某处开场一直延伸到另一个器表示某器官从某处开场一直延伸到另一个器官。官。例：例：The small intestine extends from The small intestine extends from the stomach to the colon.the stomach to the colon.小肠从胃延伸小肠从胃延伸到结肠。到结肠。l6 6be+inferior/superior+to+be+infe

16、rior/superior+to+名词名词表示某器官在另一个器官的下表示某器官在另一个器官的下/上面。上面。例：例：The rectum is inferior to the small The rectum is inferior to the small intestine.intestine.直肠位于小肠之下方。直肠位于小肠之下方。The stomach is superior to the The stomach is superior to the transverse colon.transverse colon.胃在横结肠的上面。胃在横结肠的上面。l7 7be+anterior/

17、posterior+to+be+anterior/posterior+to+名词名词表示某器官在另一个器官的前表示某器官在另一个器官的前/后面。后面。例：例：The heart is anterior to the The heart is anterior to the esophagus.esophagus.心脏在食管的前面。心脏在食管的前面。The heart is posterior to the sternum.The heart is posterior to the sternum.心脏在胸骨的后面。心脏在胸骨的后面。l8 8be+proximal/distal+to+be+pr

18、oximal/distal+to+名词名词表示某器官离另一器官近表示某器官离另一器官近/远。远。例：例：The shin is distal to the thigh.The shin is distal to the thigh.胫骨胫骨在大腿的远侧。在大腿的远侧。The ankle is proximal to the foot.The ankle is proximal to the foot.踝在踝在脚的近侧。脚的近侧。l9 9be+medial/lateral+to+be+medial/lateral+to+名词名词表示某器官在另一器官的中间表示某器官在另一器官的中间/侧面。侧面。例

19、：例：The heart is medial to the lungs.The heart is medial to the lungs.心心脏在两肺的中间。脏在两肺的中间。The kidneys are lateral to the vertebral The kidneys are lateral to the vertebral column.column.肾脏位于脊柱的两侧。肾脏位于脊柱的两侧。1010限制性定语从句也可用来描述某个器官限制性定语从句也可用来描述某个器官的位置。的位置。例：例：The heart is an organ which lies in The heart i

20、s an organ which lies in front of the esophagus.front of the esophagus.心脏是位于食道心脏是位于食道前面的一个器官。前面的一个器官。人体各系统、器官、组织人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞构造的描述和细胞构造的描述 l1 1表达人体构造的常用动词句型：表达人体构造的常用动词句型：1 1consist of,be made up of,be consist of,be made up of,be composed of composed of 这三个动词短语，虽然都表这三个动词短语，虽然都表示示“由由构成的意思，但构成的意思，但 c

21、onsist of consist of 多多用于提到所有参与构成的成分时；而用于提到所有参与构成的成分时；而 be be made up of made up of 那么多用于细分一种构造或该那么多用于细分一种构造或该构造的某一局部时；构造的某一局部时；be composed of be composed of 常用常用于提到构成某一构造的材料时，或用于参与于提到构成某一构造的材料时，或用于参与构成的局部没有数量限制时。构成的局部没有数量限制时。l例：例：The respiratory tract consists of The respiratory tract consists of t

22、he mouth,nose,pharynx,trachea and the mouth,nose,pharynx,trachea and lung./lung./呼吸道由口、鼻、咽、气管和肺构呼吸道由口、鼻、咽、气管和肺构成。成。The intestines are made up of the The intestines are made up of the small intestine and the large intestinesmall intestine and the large intestine。/肠道由小肠和大肠组成。肠道由小肠和大肠组成。Tissue is compo

23、sed of cellsTissue is composed of cells/组织是由组织是由细胞组成的。细胞组成的。l2 2make up;compose make up;compose 表示哪些局部组成表示哪些局部组成了某个构造。了某个构造。例：例：The forebrain,the midbrain and The forebrain,the midbrain and the hindbrain make up of the brain./the hindbrain make up of the brain./前脑、中脑和后脑组成了大脑。前脑、中脑和后脑组成了大脑。The pons,t

24、he cerebellum and the The pons,the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata composed the medulla oblongata composed the hindbrain./hindbrain./脑桥、小脑和延髓组成了后脑。脑桥、小脑和延髓组成了后脑。l3 3be filled with be filled with 和和 contain contain都表示某构造都表示某构造内含有什么或充满了什么。但，前者与不可内含有什么或充满了什么。但，前者与不可数名词物质名词连用，而后者那么与可数名词物质名词连用，而后者那么

25、与可数名词连用。数名词连用。例：例：The tissue space is filled with The tissue space is filled with tissue fluidtissue fluid/组织间隙充满了组织液组织间隙充满了组织液The mediastinum contains the heart,The mediastinum contains the heart,esophagus,trachea,etcesophagus,trachea,etc/纵隔包含有心纵隔包含有心脏、食管、气管。脏、食管、气管。l4 4be covered with be covered w

26、ith 表示某器官或构造表示某器官或构造为为所覆盖。所覆盖。例：例：The body is covered with skin and The body is covered with skin and hairhair/人体外表覆盖着皮肤和毛发。人体外表覆盖着皮肤和毛发。5 5be attached to be attached to 表示某器官连接在或表示某器官连接在或附着在另一器官上。附着在另一器官上。例：例：The skin is attached to the The skin is attached to the subcutaneous tissue./subcutaneous

27、tissue./皮肤连接在皮下皮肤连接在皮下组织上。组织上。l6 6be lined with be lined with 表示某器官由表示某器官由衬衬贴。贴。例：例：The mediastinum is lined with the The mediastinum is lined with the pericardiumpericardium/纵膈由心包所衬贴。纵膈由心包所衬贴。7 7be divided into be divided into 表示某构造可分表示某构造可分为为。例：例：The thorax is divided into three The thorax is divi

28、ded into three compartmentscompartments/胸腔分为三个局部。胸腔分为三个局部。8 8be surrounded bybe surrounded by表示某器官为另一器表示某器官为另一器官所围绕。官所围绕。例：例：The heart is surrounded by the The heart is surrounded by the lungslungs/心脏由两肺遮盖。心脏由两肺遮盖。l9 9be separated from by be separated from by 表示某器表示某器官与另一器官为第三者所隔开。官与另一器官为第三者所隔开。例：例：

29、The thorax separated from the The thorax separated from the abdomen by the diaphragmabdomen by the diaphragm/胸腔与腹胸腔与腹腔由膈分开。腔由膈分开。1010be supported by be supported by 表示某器官由表示某器官由所支持。所支持。例：例：The lens is supported by the ciliary The lens is supported by the ciliary muscles./muscles./晶状体由睫状肌支持。晶状体由睫状肌支持

30、。l2 2表达人体构造常见的定语从句和后置定表达人体构造常见的定语从句和后置定语短语：语短语：关系代词关系代词whichwhich引出的定语从句和分词短语引出的定语从句和分词短语常被用来描述人体某器官由常被用来描述人体某器官由 组成。组成。例：例：This is a membrane which is made This is a membrane which is made up of two layersup of two layers这是由脏层和壁层两个这是由脏层和壁层两个层组成的膜。层组成的膜。The thorax is a large The thorax is a large co

31、nical cavity consisting of three conical cavity consisting of three compartments./compartments./胸腔是一个由三局部组成胸腔是一个由三局部组成的大锥形腔。的大锥形腔。医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式 l1 1计量单位的一般表示方式：计量单位的一般表示方式：l/m2-litres per square metre l/m2-litres per square metre 表示表示“升升/平方米。平方米。l/min-litres per minute l/min-litres

32、per minute 表示表示“升升/分。分。mm/Hg-millimetres of mercury mm/Hg-millimetres of mercury 表示表示“毫米汞柱。毫米汞柱。g/100ml-grams per hundred g/100ml-grams per hundred milliliters milliliters 表示表示“克克/100/100毫升。毫升。l2 2表达计量差异和变化的词语：表达计量差异和变化的词语：1 1range betweenand/range range betweenand/range fromto/vary fromtofromto/var

33、y fromto表示某数值在什么范围之间。表示某数值在什么范围之间。例：例：The normal diastolic blood pressure The normal diastolic blood pressure ranges between 65 and 85 mm/Hg./ranges between 65 and 85 mm/Hg./正常舒张正常舒张压在压在6565与与8585毫米汞柱之间。毫米汞柱之间。Normal temperature in the rectum ranges Normal temperature in the rectum ranges from 36.3

34、to 37.6./from 36.3 to 37.6./正常直肠温度在正常直肠温度在36.336.3与与37.637.6摄氏度之间。摄氏度之间。The normal lymphocyte count for a male The normal lymphocyte count for a male varies from 1500/cu.mm to 3000/cu.mm./varies from 1500/cu.mm to 3000/cu.mm./男男性正常淋巴细胞值在性正常淋巴细胞值在1500/1500/立方毫米与立方毫米与3000/3000/立方立方毫米之间。毫米之间。l2 2increa

35、se increase 表示某数值上升或增加。表示某数值上升或增加。例：例：Systolic b.p.increases more Systolic b.p.increases more rapidly than diastolic b.p./rapidly than diastolic b.p./收缩压比舒收缩压比舒张压上升快。张压上升快。3 3decreasedecrease表示某数值的下降或减少。表示某数值的下降或减少。例：例：Between the 10-14 and 20-24 age Between the 10-14 and 20-24 age groups,the averag

36、e systolic b.p.in groups,the average systolic b.p.in females decreases from about 119 to females decreases from about 119 to about 117 mm/Hg./about 117 mm/Hg./在在10-1410-14岁和岁和20-2420-24岁年龄组之间，女性的平均收缩压从岁年龄组之间，女性的平均收缩压从119119毫毫米汞柱下降为大约米汞柱下降为大约117117毫米汞柱。毫米汞柱。l3 3表示量的极度与平均的词语：表示量的极度与平均的词语：1 1maximummax

37、imum表示最大值或量。表示最大值或量。例：例：The maximum value for fat in the The maximum value for fat in the human body is 26%./human body is 26%./在人体中，脂肪最多在人体中，脂肪最多占百分之二十六。占百分之二十六。2 2minimum minimum 表示最小值或量。表示最小值或量。例：例：The minimum amount of water in The minimum amount of water in the human body is 50%./the human body

38、 is 50%./在人体中，水至在人体中，水至少占百分之五十。少占百分之五十。l3 3averageaverage和和 mean mean例：例：The average lymphocyte count is The average lymphocyte count is 2100/cu.mm./2100/cu.mm./平均淋巴细胞计数是平均淋巴细胞计数是2100/2100/立方毫米。立方毫米。4 4表示计算，测量的方法：表示计算，测量的方法：be measured be measured in+in+量词量词例：例：Blood pressure is measured in Blood pr

39、essure is measured in millimetres of mercury./millimetres of mercury./血压是以毫米汞血压是以毫米汞柱计算的。柱计算的。l5 5用来表示曲线图的句型：用来表示曲线图的句型：1 1The graph shows“The graph shows“此曲线图表示此曲线图表示。例：例：The graph shows the effect of age on The graph shows the effect of age on blood pressure./blood pressure./此曲线图表示年龄对血压的此曲线图表示年龄对血

40、压的影响。影响。2 2The vertical axis represents“The vertical axis represents“垂直轴垂直轴代表代表。例：例：The vertical axis represents arterial The vertical axis represents arterial pressure./pressure./垂直轴代表动脉压。垂直轴代表动脉压。l3 3The horizontal axis represents“The horizontal axis represents“水平水平轴代表轴代表。例：。例：The horizontal axis

41、The horizontal axis represents age in years./represents age in years./水平轴代表年龄。水平轴代表年龄。4 4The continuous line represents“The continuous line represents“实实线代表线代表。例：。例：The continuous line The continuous line represents blood pressure for females./represents blood pressure for females./实实线代表女性血压。线代表女性血压

42、。5 5The dotted line represents“The dotted line represents“虚线代虚线代表表。例：。例：The dotted line represents b.p.The dotted line represents b.p.for males./for males./虚线代表男性血压。虚线代表男性血压。Chapter 1lMedical correspondencel1.1 introductionlLetters for diagnostic consultationlLetters for referring patientslLetters f

43、or applying for a medical post,curriculum vitaelLetters for submitting a paper for publicationl1.2 formatlThe heading:full address of the sender and the date of the letterlThe inside address:name and full address of the addresseelThe salutationlThe bodylThe complimentary closelThe signaturelThe encl

44、osurelThe full-block type:more formallThe indented-block type:less formall1.3 sample letterslEnclosed please could you find a copy of my resume.随信附上我的简历表。lAwareness trainingl1.4 letters for diagnostic consultationl1.4.1 language featureslPresent tense,present prefect tense or past tensel1.4.2 specia

45、l language strutureslDisagree on lDoubt thatlAppreciate it if you lBe grateful if youl1.4.3 A sample letter of diagnostic consultationlCorpus pancreatislEasy formattingl1.5 letters for referring patientslA recommendation(to a specialist)lA replying letter l1.5.1 language featureslPresent tense,prese

46、nt perfect tense,past tenselc/o:complain of l1.5.2 special language structureslDescribing the complain of a patientlExpressing request for further diagnosis and treatmentlDescribing examinations and results of examinationslIVP:intravenous pyelographylPresenting suggestions for treatment l1.5.3 sampl

47、e letters for referring a patientlOn bendinglA five day religiousl1.7 letters for applying for a medical post lIntroductionlQualificationslAcademic record,certain English language examinationslProfessional experiencelPublicationslRequest for an interviewlenclosures l1.8 curriculum vitael1.8.1 format

48、lpersonal datalWork experiencelEducationlSpecial skillslScientific researchachievementslHonors and referenceslThe work objective,personal interests,commandof languageslChronological curriculum vitaelFunctional curriculum vitae投稿信投稿信(cover letter)(cover letter)的写作的写作150-5318-8596 150-5318-8596 1.How

49、to write a cover letterlkeep it simple and professional and dont worry about redundancy.lYour cover letter should be prepared in a standard business format(block or modified block).462.The information in a Cover Letter l(1)The correspondence information of the correspondent;l(2)The title of the manu

50、script,the numbers of tables,figures,charts,and so on;l(3)The statement that this manuscript has never been partly or wholly published in or submitted to any other journals;l(4)The statement that all authors in the manuscript have agreed to submit it to this journal and its better to have each ones