医学英语emeraure课件.pptx
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1、sweatShiverShiver4 parts1.1 heat 1.1 heat productionproduction1.2 Heat loss1.2 Heat loss1.3 Regulation of 1.3 Regulation of temperaturetemperature2.1 The 2.1 The definition of definition of metabolismmetabolism2.2 Metabolic 2.2 Metabolic raterateMetabolismMetabolismBody TemperatureBody TemperatureTE
2、XTTEXT Body Temperature and Metabolism Body Temperature and Metabolism During every moment of our lives,our cells are breaking downbreaking down food molecules to obtain ATP for energy-requiring cellular processes.Naturally,we are not aware of are not aware of the process of cell respirationcell res
3、piration,but we may be aware of one of the products,energy in the form of heat.The human body is indeed warm,and its temperature is regulated regulated very precisely,even in a wide range ofin a wide range of e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e m p e r a t u r e s.time-consuming effort-time-consuming effo
4、rt-requiringrequiringequipment-processing drawingsequipment-processing drawingsinspirationinspirationexpirationexpirationperpirationperpirationBody TemperatureBody Temperature T h e n o r m a l range of human body t e m p e r a t u r e i s 96.5-99.5 F(36-3 8 C),w i t h a n average of 98.6 F(37C).Wit
5、hin a 24-hour period,an i n d i v i d u a l s t e m p e r a t u r e fluctuatesfluctuates 1-2 F with the lowest t e m p e r a t u r e s occurring during sleep.Fahrenheit/Fahrenheit/centigradecentigrade At either end of the age spectrumspectrum,however,temperature regulation may not be as precisepreci
6、se as it is in older childrenolder children or younger adultsyounger adults.Infants have more surface area(skin)relative to volume,and are likely to lose heat more rapidly.In the elderly,the mechanisms that maintain body temperature may not function as efficientlyefficiently as they once did,and cha
7、nges in environmental temperature may not be compensated forcompensated for as quickly or effectively.This is especially important to remember when caring for patients who a r e v e r y y o u n g o r v e r y o l d.Heat ProductionHeat Production Cell respiration,the process that releases energy from
8、food to produce ATP,also produces heat as one of its energy products.Although cell respiration takes place constantlyconstantly,there are many factors that influence the rate of this process:1.The hormone thyrthyrxinexine(甲状腺素and T3),produced by the thyroid gland,increases the rate of cell respirati
9、on and heat production.The secretion of thyroxine is regulatedregulated by the b o d y s r a t e o f e n e r g y production,the metabolic ratemetabolic rate,itself.When the metabolic rate decreases,the thyroid gland is stimulated to secrete more thyroxine.甲状腺峡部 As thyroxine increases the rate of cel
10、l respiration,a negative feedbacknegative feedback mechanism inhibits further secretion until metabolic rate decreases again.Thus,thyroxine is secreted whenever there is a need for increased cell respiration,and is probably the most important regulator regulator of day-to-dayday-to-day energy produc
11、tion.2.In stress situations,epinephrineepinephrine and norepinephrinenorepinephrine are secreted by the adrenal medullaadrenal medulla,and the sympathetic sympathetic nervous systemnervous system becomes more active.Epinephrine increases the rate of cell respiration,especially in organs such as the
12、heart,skeletal skeletal musclesmuscles,and liver.Sympathetic Sympathetic stimulationstimulation also increases the activity of these organs.The increased production of ATP to meet the demands of the stress situation also means that more heat will be produced.3.Organs that are normally a c t i v e (p
13、 r o d u c i n g A T P)a r e significant sources of heat when the body is at restat rest.The skeletal muscles,for example,are usually in a state of slight contraction called muscle muscle tonetone.Since even slightslight contraction requires ATP,the muscles are also producing heat.This amounts toamo
14、unts to about 25%of the total body heat at rest,and much more during exerciseduring exercise when more ATP is produced.The liver is another organ that is continually active,producing ATP to supply energy for its many functions.As a result,the liver produces as much as 20%of the total body heat at re
15、st.The heat produced by these active organs is disperseddispersed throughout the body by the blood.As the relatively cooler blood flowsflows through organs such as the muscles and liver,the heat they produce is transferredtransferred to the blood,w a r m i n g i t.T h e w a r m e d b l o o d circula
16、tescirculates to other areas of the body,d i s t r i b u t i n gd i s t r i b u t i n g t h i s h e a t.distribute handbillsdistribute handbills 4.The intakeintake of food also increases heat production,because the metabolic activity of the digestive tractdigestive tract is increased.Heat is generat
17、edgenerated as the digestive organs produce ATP for peristalsisperistalsis and for the synthesis of d i g e s t i v e e n z y m e sd i g e s t i v e e n z y m e s.5.Changes in body temperature also have an effect on metabolic rate and heat production.This becomes clinicallyclinically important when
18、a person has a fever,an abnormallyabnormally high body temperature.clinical medical collegeclinical medical collegeThe higher temperature increases the metabolic rate,which increases heat production and elevates elevates body temperature further.Thus,a high fever may trigger trigger a vicious cyclev
19、icious cycle of ever-increasing heat production.Heat LossHeat Loss The pathwayspathways of heat loss from the body are the skin,respiratory tract,and to a to a lesser extentlesser extent,the urinaryurinary and digestive tracts.Heat Loss Through the SkinHeat Loss Through the Skin Since the skin cover
20、s the body,most body heat is lost from the skin to the environment.When the environment is cooler than body temperature(as it usually is),heat loss is unavoidableunavoidable.The amount of heat that is lost is determined by blood flow through the skin and by the activity of sweat glands.inevitableine
21、vitable Blood flow through the skin influences the amount of heat lost by the processes of radiationradiation,conduction,conduction,and convectionconvection(对流传热).Radiation means that heat from the body is lost to cooler air,much as a radiatorradiator warms the air within a room.Conduction is the lo
22、ss of heat to cooler objects,such as clothingclothing,that touch the skin.Convection means that air currentsair currents move the warmer air away from the skin surface and facilitate the loss of heat;this is why a fanfan makes u s f e e l c o o l e r o n h o t d a y s.ConvectionConvection is the flo
23、w of heat through a bulk,macroscopic movement of matter from a hot region to a cool region,as o p p o s e d t o t h e microscopic transfer o f h e a t b e t w e e n atoms involved with c o n d u c t i o n.The temperature of the skin and the s u b s e q u e n ts u b s e q u e n t loss of h e a t a r
24、e determined by blood flow through the skin.The arteriolesarterioles in the dermisdermis may constrictconstrict or dilate dilate to decrease o r i n c r e a s e b l o o d f l o w.Vasoconstriction decreases blood flow through the dermis,and thereby decreases heat loss.Vasodilation in the dermis incre
25、ases blood flow to the body surface and loss of heat to t h e e n v i r o n m e n t.Squeeze or expandvasoconstrictionvasodilation The other mechanism by which heat is lost from the skin is sweatsweating.The eccrineeccrine sweat glands secrete sweat(water)onto the skin surface,and excess body heat ev
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