卒中中西医结合治疗最新进展课件.ppt
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1、脑卒中中西医结合诊断与治疗nA common conditionn3rd cause of death worldwide1(after MI and cancer)Accounts for 12%of deaths n2nd cause of death within the next 10 years in developing countriesn2nd cause of dementian1st cause of severe disability the western world中风概念nStroke;卒中;n中风-缺血性中风(ischemic stroke)出血性中风(hemor
2、rhagic stroke)n小中风(mini-stroke);TIA n脑卒中(中风)即脑卒中(中风)即“脑血管意外脑血管意外”,指因脑血管阻塞或破裂引起的脑,指因脑血管阻塞或破裂引起的脑血流循环障碍和脑组织功能或结构损害的疾病。可以分为缺血性脑卒血流循环障碍和脑组织功能或结构损害的疾病。可以分为缺血性脑卒中(中风)和出血性脑卒中(中风)两大类。中(中风)和出血性脑卒中(中风)两大类。n缺血性脑卒中(中风),缺血性脑卒中(中风),“脑梗死脑梗死”,主要包括脑血栓形成和脑,主要包括脑血栓形成和脑栓塞两种。脑血栓形成是由于动脉狭窄,管腔内逐渐形成血栓而最终栓塞两种。脑血栓形成是由于动脉狭窄,管腔
3、内逐渐形成血栓而最终阻塞动脉所致;脑栓塞是由于血栓脱落或其它栓子进入血流中阻塞脑阻塞动脉所致;脑栓塞是由于血栓脱落或其它栓子进入血流中阻塞脑动脉所引起。动脉所引起。n出血性脑卒中(中风)根据出血部位的不同分为脑出血和蛛网膜下腔出血性脑卒中(中风)根据出血部位的不同分为脑出血和蛛网膜下腔出血。是由于脑内动脉破裂,血液溢出到脑组织内;蛛网膜下腔出血出血。是由于脑内动脉破裂,血液溢出到脑组织内;蛛网膜下腔出血是脑表面或脑底部的血管破裂,血液直接进入容有脑脊液的蛛网膜下是脑表面或脑底部的血管破裂,血液直接进入容有脑脊液的蛛网膜下腔和脑池中。腔和脑池中。n不论是缺血性脑卒中(中风)还是出血性脑卒中(中风
4、),都会造成不论是缺血性脑卒中(中风)还是出血性脑卒中(中风),都会造成不同范围、不同程度的脑组织损害,因而产生多种多样的神经精神症不同范围、不同程度的脑组织损害,因而产生多种多样的神经精神症状,严重的还会危及生命,治愈后很多病人留有后遗症。状,严重的还会危及生命,治愈后很多病人留有后遗症。-摘自雅虎知识堂摘自雅虎知识堂 NINDS Stroke Information PageWhat is Stroke?nA stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly interrupted or when a
5、blood vessel in the brain bursts,spilling blood into the spaces surrounding brain cells.Brain cells die when they no longer receive oxygen and nutrients from the blood or there is sudden bleeding into or around the brain.nThe symptoms of a stroke include sudden numbness or weakness,especially on one
6、 side of the body;sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech;sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes;sudden trouble with walking,dizziness,or loss of balance or coordination;or sudden severe headache with no known cause.There are two forms of stroke:ischemic-blockage of a blood v
7、essel supplying the brain,and hemorrhagic-bleeding into or around the brain.What is Transient Ischemic Attack?Synonym(s):Mini-StrokesnA transient ischemic attack(TIA)is a transient stroke that lasts only a few minutes.It occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is briefly interrupted.TIA sy
8、mptoms,which usually occur suddenly,are similar to those of stroke but do not last as long.Most symptoms of a TIA disappear within an hour,although they may persist for up to 24 hours.nSymptoms can include:numbness or weakness in the face,arm,or leg,especially on one side of the body;confusion or di
9、fficulty in talking or understanding speech;trouble seeing in one or both eyes;and difficulty with walking,dizziness,or loss of balance and coordination.Definition and Evaluation of Transient Ischemic AttackA Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/Ameri
10、can Stroke Association Stroke Council;Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia;Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention;Council on Cardiovascular Nursing;and the InterdisciplinaryCouncil on Peripheral Vascular Disease2009TIA新概念 ndefinition of transient ischemic attack(TIA):a tran
11、sient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain,spinal cord,or retinal ischemia,without acute infarction.(脑、脊髓或视网膜局灶性缺血引脑、脊髓或视网膜局灶性缺血引起的、未伴发急性梗死的短暂性神经功能障碍。起的、未伴发急性梗死的短暂性神经功能障碍。)nPatients with TIAs are at high risk of early stroke,and their risk may be stratified by clinical scale,ves
12、sel imaging,and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging.Diagnostic recommendations include:TIA patients should undergo neuroimaging evaluation within 24hours of symptom onset,preferably with magnetic resonance imaging,including diffusion sequences;noninvasive imaging of the cervical vessels should be p
13、erformed and noninvasive imaging of intracranial vessels is reasonable;electrocardiography should occur as soon as possible after TIA and prolonged cardiac monitoring and echocardiography are reasonable in patients in whom the vascular etiology is not yet identified;routine blood tests are reasonabl
14、e;and it is reasonable to hospitalize patients with TIA if they present within 72 hours and have an ABCD2 score _3,indicating high risk of early recurrence,or the evaluation cannot be rapidly completed on an outpatient basis.(Stroke.2009;40:2276-2293.)n金匮要略:提出中风病名。在经在络、中脏中腑区别。n卒中-素问本病论日:“久而化郁,即大风摧拉,
15、折损鸣乱。民病卒中偏痹,手足不仁。n明 楼英医学纲目 卷之十肝胆部 首提卒中病名。现代中风病概念n中风病是在气血内虚的基础上,因劳倦内伤、忧思恼怒、嗜食厚味及烟酒等诱因,引起脏腑阴阳失调,气血逆乱,直冲犯脑,导致脑脉痹阻或血溢脑脉之外,临床以突然昏仆、半身不遂、口舌歪斜、言语謇涩或不语、偏身麻木为主症,具有起病急、变化快的特点,好发于中老年人的一种常见病。n相当于脑卒中,从病理上分为缺血性中风和出血性中风。缺血性中风和出血性中风?n出血性中风和缺血性中风的病因病机,现代医学传入我国之前,中医并无区分,即古代中医对中风并未认识到象现今所分脑络瘀阻和血瘀脉外之不同。因而两种不同的中风的中医治疗并无
16、差异。n晚清时期,伴随现代医学的传入,中医逐渐接受了西医的观点,其中晚清张山雷、张锡纯为主要代表,张锡纯医学衷中参西录脑贫血证和脑充血证即大体相当缺血性脑血管病和出血性脑血管病。自此脑出血治疗认识上始有不同。1.疾病诊断n(1)临床表现:神识昏蒙、半身不遂、口舌歪斜、言语謇涩或不语、偏身麻木;或出现头痛、眩晕、瞳神变化、饮水发呛、目偏不瞬、共济失调等。n(2)急性起病,渐进加重,或骤然起病,即刻达到高峰。n(3)发病前多有诱因,常有先兆症状。n(4)发病年龄多在40岁以上。n具备以上临床表现,结合起病形式、诱因、先兆症状、年龄即可诊断;影像学检查(CT或MRI)可助明确诊断。2.病类诊断n(1
17、)中经络:中风病而无神识昏蒙者。n(2)中脏腑:中风病而有神识昏蒙者。3.分期标准?n急性期:发病4周以内n恢复期:发病半年以内n后遗症期:发病半年以上 中国分期中西医一致脑卒中的临床分期 英国皇家医学会指南早期中期晚期病理分期脑缺血性病变的病理分期(神经病学第六版教材 人民卫生出版社):1、超早期(06小时)2、急性期(624小时)3、坏死期(2448小时)4、软化期(3d3w)5、恢复期(34w后)脑卒中分类n脑卒中的分类脑卒中的分类n脑卒中可分为出血性卒中和缺血性卒中两大类。n(一)缺血性中风n1 动脉粥样硬化性血栓性脑梗死(脑血栓形成)n2 脑栓塞n 心源性n 动脉源性n 脂肪性n 其
18、他n3 腔隙性脑梗死n4 颅内异常血管网症n5 出血性梗死n6 无症状梗死n7 其他n8 原因未明n(二)出血性中风n1 蛛网膜下腔出血n 动脉瘤破裂出血n 血管畸形n 颅内异常血管网症n 其他n 原因未明n2 脑出血n 高血压脑出血n 脑血管畸形和动脉瘤出血n 继发于梗死的出血n 肿瘤性出血n 血液病源性出血n 淀粉样脑血管病出血n 动脉炎性出血n 药物性出血n 其他 原因未明nCTnMRI/MRA/FmrnDSAnTCDnSPECTnPETnXe-CT 辅助诊断Brott,T.et al.N Engl J Med 2000;343:710-722CT Scan of the Brain o
19、f a Patient with Confusion,Left Hemiparesis,and Left Hemisensory Loss 50 Minutes,3 Hours,and 25 Hours after the Onset of StrokeMRI示例Brott,T.et al.N Engl J Med 2000;343:710-722MRI Study Showing Improvements in Diffusion and Perfusion Abnormalities in the Right Cerebral Hemisphere after Intraarterial
20、Administration of Tissue Plasminogen Activator in a 27-Year-Old Woman with Left Hemiparesisn 小脑梗死脑干出血DSA图例 DSA示例 烟雾病n 缺血性中風分-TOAST分(Trial of in acute stroke treatment,TOAST,1993)n目前國際上較廣泛使用的:n1.大动脉粥样硬化性卒中(LAA Large-artery atherosclerosis)n2.心源性栓(CE Cardioembolism)n3.小动脉闭塞性卒中或腔隙性卒中(SAA Small-artery o
21、cclusion;lacune)n4.其他原因所致的缺血性卒中(SOE Stroke of other determined etiology)n5.原因未明之卒中(SUE Stroke of undetermined etiology)。TOAST Classification of Subtypes of Acute Ischemic StrokenLarge-artery atherosclerosis(embolus/thrombosis)*nCardioembolism(high-risk/medium-risk)*nSmall-vessel occlusion(lacune)*nS
22、troke of other determined etiology*nStroke of undetermined etiologyna.Two or more causes identifiednb.Negative evaluationnc.Incomplete evaluation牛津郡社区卒中研究分型(Oxfordshire community stroke project,OCSP,1991)n不依赖影像学结果,常规CT、MRI 尚未能发现病灶时就可;n根据临床表现迅速分型,并提示闭塞血管和梗死灶的大小和部位,临床简单易行,对指导治疗、评估预后有重要价值。OCSP 临床分型标准:n
23、1、完全前循环梗死(TACI):表现为三联征,即完全大脑中动脉(MCA)综合征的表现:大脑较高级神经活动障碍(意识障碍、失语、失算、空间定向力障碍等);同向偏盲;对侧三个部位(面、上肢与下肢)较严重的运动和(或)感觉障碍。多为MCA 近段主干,少数为颈内动脉虹吸段闭塞引起的大片脑梗死。n2、部分前循环梗死(PACI):有以上三联征中的两个,或只有高级神经活动障碍,或感觉运动缺损较TACI 局限。提示是MCA 远段主干、各级分支或ACA 及分支闭塞引起的中、小梗死。n3、后循环梗死(POCI):表现为各种不同程度的椎-基动脉综合征:可表现为同侧脑神经瘫痪及对侧感觉运动障碍;双侧感觉运动障碍;双眼
24、协同活动及小脑功能障碍,无长束征或视野缺损等。为椎-基动脉及分支闭塞引起的大小不等的脑干、小脑梗死。n4、腔隙性梗死(LACI):表现为腔隙综合征,如纯运动性轻偏瘫、纯感觉性脑卒中、共济失调性轻偏瘫、手笨拙-构音不良综合征等。大多是基底节或脑桥小穿通支病变引起的小腔隙灶OCSP分型的CT表现TACIPACIPOCILACIPhysiologic Subtypes of Thrombosis-Related Ischemic StrokeCerebral Embolism Formation nIn addition to thrombotic occlusion at the site of
25、cerebral artery atherosclerosis,ischemic infarction can be produced by emboli arising from proximally situated atheromatus lesions to vessels located more distal in the arterial tree Mohr JP,Sacco RL.In:Barnett HJM,et al(eds).Stroke.Pathophysiology,Diagnosis,and Management.New York:Churchill Livings
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