高考英语：概要写作summary-writing技巧课件.pptx

1、 What is “summary”? A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition. 概要是一篇较长文章概要是一篇较长文章本质思想的简洁重本质思想的简洁重 述述，它要求用，它要求用尽量少的语言尽量少的语言对原文的主旨对原文的主旨 进行复述。概要不是简单的换句话说，更进行复述。概要不是简单的换句话说，更 不是评论，而是作者思想中最基本部分的不是评论，而是作者思想中最基本部分的 准确准确再现。再现。 How to get a high mark? 考试说明考试说明中评分标准规定概

2、要写中评分标准规定概要写 作阅卷时按作阅卷时按5个档次给分，其中最高档次第个档次给分，其中最高档次第 五档（五档（21-25points）：）： 1. 理解准确，涵盖全部理解准确，涵盖全部要点要点； 2. 能准确使用相应的能准确使用相应的语法语法结构和结构和词汇词汇； 3. 完全使用完全使用自己的语言自己的语言； 4. 有效使用了语句间的有效使用了语句间的连接成分连接成分，使完成的概，使完成的概 要结构紧凑。要结构紧凑。 contents (内容内容) language skills (语言语言) structure (结构结构) a good summary all the key poin

3、ts grammar, vocabulary tight and coherent(连贯连贯) your own words about 60-80 words right spelling, proper punctuation How to writing a good summary? A. 定位定位 find out the essential information B. 改写改写 rewrite the information in your own words C. 核查核查 check the sentences and add some conjunctions A.定位定位

4、 通过阅读定位语篇的核心信息，包括核心通过阅读定位语篇的核心信息，包括核心 单词，核心短语和核心句子。单词，核心短语和核心句子。 （句子句子为主，以单词和短语为辅） types key information 记叙文记叙文 narration 人物人物+时间时间+地点地点+事件（起因事件（起因+发展发展 +结果）结果） 说明文说明文 exposition 描写某事物的性质功用。即“描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象对象 +性质功用性质功用+利好利好”；”； 针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。 即“即“问题问题+解决方法解决方法”；”； 介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即介绍

5、某现象及其原因和结果。即 “现象现象+原因原因+结果结果” 议论文议论文 argumentation 论点论点+论据论据(+结论结论) 1. 确定文体确定文体 the types of the passage 2. 消减事例消减事例 In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin

6、 and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of English in 1546. 3. 省略细节省略细节 （尽量减少实事，大胆省略实事）（尽量减少实事，大胆省略实事） essential information B. 改写改写 在核心信息的基础上进行语言表达形式在核心信息的基础上进行语言表达形式 的改写，对原文的语言表达形式

7、尽可能实现的改写，对原文的语言表达形式尽可能实现 大规模的改变。大规模的改变。 改写过程中，原则上字数改写过程中，原则上字数不超过原句不超过原句，不，不 改变原文的改变原文的逻辑结构逻辑结构，充分考虑语句，充分考虑语句压缩压缩。 1. 使用近义词或反义词使用近义词或反义词 Zhou Yang will remember his first task as a reporter. To research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists, Robert Baker performed two experiments. Never will Zh

8、ou Yang forget his first assignment as a journalist. study if carried out/ did/made She brought home a lot of books and magazines. 2.把短语变为单词把短语变为单词 Cleaning away dirt is good to health. Cleaning away dirt benefits health. 3.使用广义词使用广义词(general words)代替具体词代替具体词 (specific words) She brought home severa

9、l Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks. He didnt like the city. He hated it. 4.消除重复消除重复 5. 把直接引语的主要信息变为间接引语把直接引语的主要信息变为间接引语 The boss said to him, “ Till youre more experienced you can cover a story.” He disliked the city. The boss said that with more expe

10、rience he could cover news. 6. 主动句和被动句互换主动句和被动句互换 Robert Baker, a psychologist at the University of Kentucky, performed two experiments. Two experiments were carried out by a psychologist. 7.基本句型间灵活转换基本句型间灵活转换 Dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease. S+V+P S+V+O Dirt on the skin could prot

11、ect people from getting ill. You will obtain all the information if various questions are asked. 8. 特殊句式（强调句，倒装句，特殊句式（强调句，倒装句，there bethere be） 和正常语序句式的转化和正常语序句式的转化 Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information. To research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists,

12、Robert Baker, there is really a sixth sense C.核查核查 核查连贯性核查连贯性 优先考虑使用优先考虑使用最短连接词最短连接词（but、 then、later、finally、besides、 thus、therefore、yet、however） 核查字数（核查字数（6060- -80words80words） 核查标点和语法核查标点和语法 + there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. have, exist, changing opinions， viewpoints People have c

13、hanging opinions toward dirt over time. Changing viewpoints toward dirt exist. Peoples viewpoints towards dirt are changing. S+V+P In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease. France / England In Europe It was thought that/People believed that pro

14、tectfrom; preventfrom; keepfree from S+V+P illness, getting ill In the early 16th century, people, especially those in some European countries, thought that dirt on the skin could protect them from getting ill. In the early 16th century, people including some Europeans believed that dirt protected p

15、eople from getting ill. S+V+O some European countries since the 18th century cleaning away dirt is good to health. Doing A is good to B It is good for B to do A People have realized that it was good for health to remove dirt since the 18th century. remove, washoff benefit your health, keephealthy Si

16、nce the 18th century, people have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. Nowadays an American immunologist, encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. now /at present some scientists advise, suggest, hold the view powerful expose to Now, more p

17、eople hold the view that children should be exposed to the dirt to have a powerful immune system. More and more people believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. People have changing opinions toward dirt over time. In the early 16th century, it was thought that dirt on the skin c

18、ould protect people from getting ill. However, people have realized that it was good for health to remove dirt since the 18th century. Now, an increasing number of people hold the view that children should be exposed to the dirt to strengthen immune system. Dont forget to make your summary tight! Ex

19、ample 1: Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger, but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways. You may wonder how paving a road can lead to less useable fresh water. A major part of the water we use every day

20、 is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers. It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave, the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater. Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages. Drier climates are of course more likely to h

21、ave droughts than areas with more rainfall, but in any case, good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs. Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference, too. In the United States, a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day! This

22、 shows how much we depend on water to live, but theres a lot we can do to lower the number. You can take steps to save water in your home. To start with, use the same glass for your drinking water all day. Wash it only once a day. Run your dishwasher only when it is full. Help your parents fix any l

23、eaks in your home. You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away. 关注那些承上启下过渡句关注那些承上启下过渡句 Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages. Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts than areas with more rainfall, but in

24、any case, good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs. 关注那些总起句和小词关注那些总起句和小词 Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference, too. In the United States, a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on w

25、ater to live, but theres a lot we can do to lower the number. You can take steps to save water in your home. To start with, use the same glass for your drinking water all day. Wash it only once a day. Run your dishwasher only when it is full. Help your parents fix any leaks in your home. You can eve

26、n help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away. 如何使用自己的语言概括 Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger, but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways. You may wonder how

27、 paving a road can lead to less useable fresh water. A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers. It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave, the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater. Sample 参考

28、答案 Human activities, such as wasting water, polluting rivers and constructing roads, can partly lead to water shortage. Meanwhile, drier climates are another cause of insufficient water supply. Hopefully, if you take action to use water smartly/wisely in your daily life, say, using the same glass of

29、 water, maximizing the efficiency of dishwashers, helping repair leaks and recycling batteries, you can still make a significant difference. Example 2: Many couples who already have one healthy, happy child, are facing a dilemma, that is, the issue of whether to have a second child or not. They have

30、 hard jobs and limited time and money, but they want to make sure that their only child does not become a lonely child. So, what are the advantages and disadvantages of having a second child? That is what so many couples are very much concerned about and eager to understand. One popular saying is th

31、at one child means a lonely child. Thats why many single-child parents plan to have a second child. They feel guilty about their decision to have only one child, because there are no other children in the family for their only child to play with, which may make the child feel lonely at times, especi

32、ally during vacations. Another common argument against having just one child is that an only child may be more spoiled than one with brothers or sisters. If one couple had only one child, the child could not learn to share things with others and are less capable of getting along well with other chil

33、dren than one who grows up with brothers or sisters. However, in many parts of the world, more and more parents are still choosing not to have a second child because they argue that there are advantages for the child as well as the parents. With just one child, they suggest, there is little chance o

34、f family arguments concerned with children. Besides, as an only child in the family, the child can receive more quality time and attention. This often leads to increased self-respect and independence, which can lead to the child being more confident. Unluckily, there is no simple answer to the quest

35、ion of whether or not to have a second child. Every family is different, and what is proper for one family may not be for another. The important thing, in the end, is to make a decision that both you and your spouse (配偶配偶) feel confident about. 关注那些表示观点的句子关注那些表示观点的句子 One popular saying is that one c

36、hild means a lonely child. Thats why many single-child parents plan to have a second child. They feel guilty about their decision to have only one child, because there are no other children in the family for their only child to play with, which may make the child feel lonely at times, especially dur

37、ing vacations. Another common argument against having just one child is that an only child may be more spoiled than one with brothers or sisters. If one couple had only one child, the child could not learn to share things with others and are less capable of getting along well with other children tha

38、n one who grows up with brothers or sisters. 关注那些转折词关注那些转折词 However, in many parts of the world, more and more parents are still choosing not to have a second child because they argue that there are advantages for the child as well as the parents. With just one child, they suggest, there is little c

39、hance of family arguments concerned with children. Besides, as an only child in the family, the child can receive more quality time and attention. This often leads to increased self-respect and independence, which can lead to the child being more confident. 如何把握文章整体结构 Many couples who already have o

40、ne healthy, happy child, are facing a dilemma, that is, the issue of whether to have a second child or not. One popular saying is that one child means a lonely child. Another common argument against having just one child is that an only child may be more spoiled than one with brothers or sisters. Ho

41、wever, in many parts of the world, more and more parents are still choosing not to have a second child Unluckily, there is no simple answer to the question of whether or not to have a second child. Sample 参考答案 Whether or not to have a second child has put many couples in a dilemma. Some supporters t

42、hink one child means a lonely and spoiled child. With siblings, children can learn to share and get on well with others. However, some opponents argue that an only child will get more quality time and attention while causing fewer arguments. Still, there is no easy answer to the issue. Its up to the couple to make a proper decision about it.